{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T23:10:18Z","timestamp":1793747418513,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Explore the combined effects of alcohol use and metabolic syndrome (MetS) on liver injury in Asian Americans.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of self-reported Asian Americans aged \u226521\u00a0years from the NIH All of Us database. MetS was defined using Adult Treatment Panel III criteria and operationalized as a binary diagnosis and severity score. Alcohol use was assessed using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Concise (AUDIT-C) questionnaire. Participants were categorized into four groups based on hazardous drinking status and MetS presence. Primary outcomes include liver injury (alanine aminotransferase &amp;gt;33\u00a0U\/l for men, &amp;gt;25\u00a0U\/l for women). Multivariable logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, smoking, and socioeconomic status were used.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 799 participants, 132 (16.5%) had MetS only, 190 (23.8%) had hazardous drinking only, and 41 (5.1%) had both exposures. Overall, 25.8% met criteria for liver injury, with prevalence differing across groups (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.05): 32.6% of MetS only, 22.1% of hazardous drinking only, and greater than 35% in the combined-exposure group. Elevated triglycerides, waist circumference, MetS severity, MetS binary, and low high-density lipoprotein independently increased odds of liver injury. Significant interactions were observed between hazardous drinking and MetS severity [odds ratio (OR) 1.40; confidence interval (CI) 1.04\u20131.88], triglycerides (OR 3.62; CI 1.72\u20137.66), and blood pressure (OR: 2.09; CI 1.02\u20134.28).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Metabolic dysfunction, particularly hypertriglyceridemia, synergistically interacts with hazardous alcohol use to increase liver injury risk in Asian Americans, underscoring the need for combined metabolic and alcohol reduction strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agag027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T11:45:33Z","timestamp":1775821533000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Synergistic effects of metabolic syndrome and hazardous alcohol use on liver injury among Asian Americans"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2361-1747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kerry Yi Chen","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University , 1201 East Marshall Street, Richmond, VA 23298,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Butros","family":"Fakhoury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University , 1201 East Marshall Street, Richmond, VA 23298,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ye In Christopher","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University , 1201 East Marshall Street, Richmond, VA 23298,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University , 1200 East Broad Street, Richmond, VA 23298 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyundam","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine , 1101 East Marshall Street, Richmond, VA 23298 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Ambrosio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University , 1200 East Broad Street, Richmond, VA 23298 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, School of Population Health, Virginia Commonwealth University , 830 East Main Street,Richmond, VA 23219 ,","place":["United 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