{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T00:03:23Z","timestamp":1780617803468,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Plan Nacional sobre Drogas (PND) PND","award":["2022\/50"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/50"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RD21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD21"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Castile and Le\u00f3n\u2019s (Spain) Gerencia Regional de Salud"},{"name":"Castile and Le\u00f3n\u2019s (Spain) Gerencia Regional de Salud","award":["GRS 2187\/A\/2020, GRS 234\/A\/21, GRS2571\/A\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRS 2187\/A\/2020, GRS 234\/A\/21, GRS2571\/A\/22"]}]},{"name":"Castile and Le\u00f3n\u2019s (Spain) Gerencia Regional de Salud","award":["GRS 2187\/A\/2020, GRS 234\/A\/21, GRS2571\/A\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRS 2187\/A\/2020, GRS 234\/A\/21, GRS2571\/A\/22"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine whether individuals with alcohol\u2013cocaine use disorder exhibit selective impairments in self-initiated verbal retrieval compared to individuals with alcohol use disorder alone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sixty outpatients meeting Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Five Edition (DSM-5) criteria for Alcohol Use Disorder were classified into alcohol-only (n\u2009=\u200929) and alcohol\u2013cocaine (n\u2009=\u200931) groups using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5. Narrative delayed free recall was assessed in all participants (n\u2009=\u200960), while word-list learning and visual memory measures were available for 51 participants. Group differences were examined using general linear models controlling for age, estimated intellectual quotient, and benzodiazepine use. Urine toxicology screening was conducted prior to each assessment session to ensure recent abstinence from substances.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After adjustment, the alcohol\u2013cocaine group demonstrated significantly lower performance in delayed free recall of narrative material compared to the alcohol-only group (P\u00a0=\u2009.010, \u03b72p\u2009=\u2009.114). A similar but non-significant trend was observed for delayed word-list recall (P\u00a0=\u2009.054). No group differences were found in cued recall, recognition performance, or visual memory measures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Alcohol\u2013cocaine use disorder was associated with reduced efficiency in self-initiated verbal retrieval, while externally supported recall and visual memory remained relatively preserved. These findings suggest a selective impairment in strategic retrieval processes rather than a generalized memory deficit.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agag042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T12:02:22Z","timestamp":1778760142000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Verbal memory performance in alcohol\u2013cocaine versus alcohol use disorder: selective impairment in delayed free recall"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Diego","family":"Rem\u00f3n-Gallo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry Unit, School of Medicine, University of Salamanca , Alfonso X el Sabio Street s\/n, 37007, Salamanca, Salamanca ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine of Salamanca (IBSAL) , San Vicente Walk 58-182, 37007, Salamanca, Salamanca ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lourdes","family":"Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry Unit, School of Medicine, University of Salamanca , Alfonso X el Sabio Street s\/n, 37007, Salamanca, Salamanca ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine of Salamanca (IBSAL) , San Vicente Walk 58-182, 37007, Salamanca, Salamanca ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Psychiatry Service, University of Salamanca Health Care Complex , San Vicente Walk 58-182, Building 3, 37007, Salamanca, Salamanca ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Llanyra","family":"Garc\u00eda-Ull\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry Unit, School of Medicine, University of Salamanca , Alfonso X el Sabio Street s\/n, 37007, Salamanca, Salamanca ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine of Salamanca (IBSAL) , San Vicente Walk 58-182, 37007, Salamanca, Salamanca ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Psychiatry Service, University of Salamanca Health Care Complex , San Vicente Walk 58-182, Building 3, 37007, Salamanca, Salamanca ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armando","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine of Salamanca (IBSAL) , San Vicente Walk 58-182, 37007, Salamanca, Salamanca ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Psychology School, Pontifical University of Salamanca , Compa\u00f1\u00eda Street 5, 37002, Salamanca, Salamanca ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Llanes-\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry Service, Zamora State Hospital , Hern\u00e1n Cort\u00e9s Street 40, 49071, Zamora, Zamora ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saray","family":"Llorente-Diez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry Service, Zamora State Hospital , Hern\u00e1n Cort\u00e9s Street 40, 49071, Zamora, Zamora ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bego\u00f1a","family":"Vicente-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine of Salamanca (IBSAL) , San Vicente Walk 58-182, 37007, Salamanca, Salamanca ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Psychiatry Service, University of Salamanca Health Care Complex , San Vicente Walk 58-182, Building 3, 37007, Salamanca, Salamanca ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry Unit, School of Medicine, University of Salamanca , Alfonso X el Sabio Street s\/n, 37007, Salamanca, Salamanca ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine of Salamanca (IBSAL) , San Vicente Walk 58-182, 37007, Salamanca, Salamanca ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Psychiatry Service, University of Salamanca Health Care Complex , San Vicente Walk 58-182, Building 3, 37007, Salamanca, Salamanca ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Roncero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry Service, University of Salamanca Health Care Complex , San Vicente Walk 58-182, Building 3, 37007, Salamanca, Salamanca ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Health Science Faculty, Miguel de Cervantes European University (UEMC) , Padre Julio Chevalier Street 2, 47012, Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026060419262600600_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2005.07.023","article-title":"Dissociable controlled retrieval and generalized selection mechanisms in ventrolateral prefrontal cortex","volume":"47","author":"Badre","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2026060419262600600_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00596","article-title":"Ventral striatum and the evaluation of memory retrieval strategies","volume":"26","author":"Badre","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"2026060419262600600_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200418010-00004","article-title":"Cognitive effects of long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Barker","year":"2004","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"2026060419262600600_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.11.007","article-title":"Visual and verbal learning deficits in veterans with alcohol and substance use disorders","volume":"159","author":"Bell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"2026060419262600600_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1076\/clin.12.1.43.1726","article-title":"Hopkins verbal learning test\u2014revised: normative data and analysis of inter-form and test\u2013retest reliability","volume":"12","author":"Benedict","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"2026060419262600600_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1978.00500300038006","article-title":"Visuospatial judgment. A clinical test","volume":"35","author":"Benton","year":"1978","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"2026060419262600600_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2013.07.007","article-title":"Drop-out from addiction treatment: a systematic review of risk factors","volume":"33","author":"Brorson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"2026060419262600600_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881119849812","article-title":"Cognitive function in aging cocaine smokers","volume":"33","author":"Chao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"2026060419262600600_ref9","volume-title":"European Drug Report 2023: Trends and Developments","author":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026060419262600600_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2018.04.005","article-title":"The long-term effects of cocaine use on cognitive functioning: a systematic critical review","volume":"348","author":"Frazer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"2026060419262600600_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/09084280802644466","article-title":"Wechsler adult intelligence scale IV (WAIS IV): return of the gold standard","volume":"16","author":"Hartman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl Neuropsychol"},{"key":"2026060419262600600_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1002\/npr2.12395","article-title":"Age-related cognitive decline is accelerated in alcohol use disorder","volume":"43","author":"Kurihara","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol Rep"},{"key":"2026060419262600600_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1037\/pha0000245","article-title":"Cognitive dysfunction in individuals with cocaine use disorder: potential moderating factors and pharmacological treatments","volume":"27","author":"Mahoney","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"2026060419262600600_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2013.11.001","article-title":"Preliminary findings of the effects of rivastigmine, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, on working memory in cocaine-dependent volunteers","volume":"50","author":"Mahoney","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026060419262600600_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318289565c","article-title":"HIV and recent illicit drug use interact to affect verbal memory in women","volume":"63","author":"Meyer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"2026060419262600600_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2022.2086219","article-title":"Impaired verbal memory in individuals living with HIV and cocaine dependence","volume":"44","author":"Nigro","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"key":"2026060419262600600_ref17","first-page":"206","article-title":"Le test de copie d\u2019une figure complexe; contribution \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tude de la perception et de la m\u00e9moire. [test of copying a complex figure; contribution to the study of perception and memory.]","volume":"30","author":"Osterrieth","year":"1944","journal-title":"Arch Psychol"},{"key":"2026060419262600600_ref18","first-page":"99","article-title":"Shortened version of the Barcelona test (I): subtests and normal profiles","volume":"12","author":"Pe\u00f1a-Casanova","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurologia"},{"key":"2026060419262600600_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000066","article-title":"Cocaine and cognition: a systematic quantitative review","volume":"8","author":"Potvin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Addict Med"},{"key":"2026060419262600600_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105835","article-title":"Characterization of cognitive impairment and contributing factors in patients with substance use disorders: influence of primary alcohol or cocaine use","volume":"261","author":"Reviriego","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Psychol (Amst)"},{"key":"2026060419262600600_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X14666160324144912","article-title":"Psychotic symptoms associated with the use of dopaminergic drugs, in patients with cocaine dependence or abuse","volume":"15","author":"Roncero","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"2026060419262600600_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.07.014","article-title":"Striatal contributions to declarative memory retrieval","volume":"75","author":"Scimeca","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2026060419262600600_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.07.003","article-title":"Characterizing the cognitive effects of cocaine: a comprehensive review","volume":"37","author":"Spronk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"2026060419262600600_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112944","article-title":"Exploring the prevalence of substance-induced neurocognitive disorder among polysubstance users, adding subjective and objective evidence of cognitive impairment","volume":"288","author":"Toledo-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"2026060419262600600_ref25","first-page":"77","article-title":"WAIS-IV forma corta: Un estudio piloto con pacientes con esquizofrenia","volume":"17","author":"\u00dabeda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Psychol Psychological Therapy"},{"key":"2026060419262600600_ref26","volume-title":"Global Report on Cocaine 2023 \u2013 Local Dynamics, Global Challenges","author":"UNODC","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026060419262600600_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1080\/1357650X.2013.783045","article-title":"Edinburgh handedness inventory - short form: a revised version based on confirmatory factor analysis","volume":"19","author":"Veale","year":"2014","journal-title":"Laterality"},{"key":"2026060419262600600_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2020.106399","article-title":"Cognitive reserve mediates the severity of certain neuropsychological deficits related to cocaine use disorder","volume":"107","author":"Vicario","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"2026060419262600600_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1511480","article-title":"Neurobiologic advances from the brain disease model of addiction","volume":"374","author":"Volkow","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026060419262600600_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2008.60","article-title":"The neuropsychology of cocaine addiction: recent cocaine use masks impairment","volume":"34","author":"Woicik","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol Off Publication Am College Neuropsychopharmacol"}],"container-title":["Alcohol and Alcoholism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/alcalc\/article-pdf\/61\/4\/agag042\/68476273\/agag042.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/alcalc\/article-pdf\/61\/4\/agag042\/68476273\/agag042.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T23:26:33Z","timestamp":1780615593000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/alcalc\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/alcalc\/agag042\/8702531"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/alcalc\/agag042","relation":{},"ISSN":["0735-0414","1464-3502"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0735-0414","type":"print"},{"value":"1464-3502","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"article-number":"agag042"}}