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However, longitudinal imaging data on CRS onset and progression are lacking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To longitudinally evaluate CRS in PCD from infancy through adolescence with MRI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>22 children with PCD (median baseline age 8.5 year, range 0.0-18.0 year) underwent a median of 3 (range 1-9) annual standardized paranasal sinus MRI examinations. MRI were assessed by 2 independent readers using the previously evaluated CRS-MRI score, including assessment of the prevalence and dominance (defined as the most prominent abnormality within a sinus) of each abnormality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>At infancy (0 year), 83%-100% of paranasal sinuses and mastoid cells were opacified. Mucosal swelling was the most prevalent (83%-100%) and in most sinuses the dominant abnormality (50%-100%). In maxillary sinuses, also polyps (75%) and mucopyoceles (13%) were prevalent. At preschool age (1-5 year), the prevalence of opacified sphenoid sinus increased (83% vs. 100%, P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.01), while the prevalence of opacification was stable for the other sinuses as well as for mastoid cells (P\u2009=\u2009.567-0.999 vs. infancy). Mucosal swelling remained the most prevalent (100%) and dominant abnormality (47%-100%). In maxillary sinuses, the prevalence and subscore of mucopyoceles increased (81% vs. 13% and 2.0\u2009\u00b1\u20091.6 vs. 4.1\u2009\u00b1\u20092.1, respectively; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.05), while polyps were stable (70% vs. 75%, P\u2009&amp;gt;\u2009.999 vs. infancy). At school age (\u22656 year), almost all maxillary, sphenoid and ethmoid sinuses (91%-100%), and 87% of mastoid cells were opacified (P\u2009=\u2009.122-.999 vs. preschool age). Especially in maxillary sinuses, the prevalence of mucopyoceles, polyps and sinus deformation decreased (60% vs. 81%, 40% vs. 70%, and 51% vs. 78%, respectively; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.05 vs. preschool age). The CRS-MRI sum score averaged 27.8\u2009\u00b1\u20094.9 at infancy, was stable at preschool age (31.9\u2009\u00b1\u20095.6, P\u2009&amp;gt;\u2009.999) and decreased at school age to 25.6\u2009\u00b1\u20098.3 (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.01).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Longitudinal paranasal sinus MRI detects high prevalence and extent of paranasal sinuses abnormalities from infancy. Our data support its role for comprehensive non\u2212invasive monitoring of CRS in children with PCD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/annalsats\/aaoag045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T03:30:51Z","timestamp":1772076651000},"page":"1046-1057","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Onset and development of chronic rhinosinusitis from infancy through adolescence in primary ciliary dyskinesia detected by longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Lena","family":"Wucherpfennig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Heidelberg , Heidelberg,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL) , Heidelberg,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology 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