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are incidental computed tomography (CT) findings that often represent early, subclinical interstitial lung disease. Their prevalence and progression rates vary widely across studies, emphasizing the need to understand the impact of age, sex, and smoking for better risk stratification and management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the prevalence and progression rates of ILA by age, sex, and smoking intensity using individual patient-level data from global cohorts, and to analyze progression-free survival (PFS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Systematic searches in OVID-MEDLINE and Embase identified eligible original articles reporting ILA prevalence or progression, confirmed through radiologist-reviewed CT scans. Random-effects models were used to pool estimates stratified by age, sex, and smoking intensity. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle\u2013Ottawa Scale. PFS probabilities were calculated using Kaplan\u2013Meier analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data from 14 studies comprising 31\u200a739 individual subjects showed a pooled ILA prevalence of 5.6% (95% CI, 4.3%-7.3%), increasing with age from 2.5% (&amp;lt;55\u2009years) to 14.6% (\u226580\u2009years). Age was the most influential factor, and it was further amplified in males and individuals with &amp;gt;30 pack-years. The overall pooled progression was 34%, with fibrotic ILAs exhibiting higher progression, and age did not affect progression. PFS was evaluated in 202 individuals with ILA, with estimated rates of 76% at 3\u2009years and 55% at 5\u2009years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Age is the strongest determinant of ILA prevalence. ILAs show significant progression on imaging over time, and progression is mainly driven by fibrotic features rather than age once ILA is established. Given the higher prevalence in older adults, targeted screening in aging populations remains appropriate, while follow-up strategies should be guided by fibrotic burden rather than age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/annalsats\/aaoag071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T22:16:28Z","timestamp":1774304188000},"page":"1179-1189","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Age-, sex-, and smoking-specific prevalence and progression in interstitial lung abnormality: patient-level meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Kum Ju","family":"Chae","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University\u2013Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital , Jeonju,","place":["Republic of 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Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, NY,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R Graham","family":"Barr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center , New York, NY,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jong Eun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center , Seoul,","place":["Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeon Joo","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine , Yangsan,","place":["Republic of 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