{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T14:01:49Z","timestamp":1790776909093,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Air pollution is an emerging risk factor for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and tuberculosis incidence and poor treatment outcomes, yet evidence has not been comprehensively synthesized or translated into burden estimates to inform policy. This systematic review and meta-analysis examines global evidence on household and outdoor air pollution and tuberculosis risk and outcomes and estimates tuberculosis burden attributable to fine particulate matter (PM2.5). We reviewed 140 studies published through August 2024, applying random-effects meta-analysis and Burden of Proof meta-regression to generate conservative effect estimates and quantify the tuberculosis burden attributable to PM2.5. Household solid fuel use was associated with higher tuberculosis incidence (risk ratio [RR] = 1.82, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.52\u20132.17), with larger effects in children (&amp;lt;15 years: RR\u2009=\u20092.25, 95% CI: 1.12-4.52) and females (RR\u2009=\u20092.62, 95% CI: 1.95-3.52). Short-term (\u22643 months) exposure to outdoor PM2.5 (RR\u2009=\u20091.03, 95% CI: 1.00\u20131.05 per 10 \u00b5g\/m\u00b3) was also associated with increased tuberculosis incidence. In 2023, there were an estimated 4.15 million tuberculosis cases (95% UI: 3.68-4.66 million), 23.58 million disability-adjusted life years (95% UI: 20.79-26.66 million), and 534,947 tuberculosis-related deaths (95% UI: 458,878-614,458) globally associated with PM2.5 exposure. We estimate that PM2.5 exposure was associated with 49.9% (95% UI: 44.5-55.5%) of tuberculosis cases worldwide in 2023. These findings suggest that exposure to household and outdoor air pollution are important risk factors for tuberculosis, supporting air quality interventions as a component of global tuberculosis control strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/annalsats\/aaoag299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:42:58Z","timestamp":1790775778000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Global Tuberculosis Burden Attributable to Household and Outdoor Air Pollution"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Siobhan","family":"Carroll","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"and Occupational Health, McGill University Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, , Montreal, QC,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Pereda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, , Seattle, WA,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Escobar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rutgers School of Public Health Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, , Piscataway, NJ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Breanna","family":"Crane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, , Seattle, WA,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"van Zyl-Smit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cape Town Division of Pulmonology and UCT Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, , Cape Town,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia A","family":"Wackowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rutgers School of Public Health Department of Health Behavior, Society & Policy, , Piscataway, NJ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen B","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Program , Blantyre,","place":["Malawi"]},{"name":"University of Edinburgh Institute for Repair and Regeneration, ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, , Seattle, WA,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olufunmilola","family":"Ibironke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rutgers School of Public Health Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, , Piscataway, NJ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingyu","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rutgers School of Public Health Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, , Piscataway, NJ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Salazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rutgers School of Public Health Department of Biostatistics, , Piscataway, NJ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela","family":"Ohman-Strickland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rutgers School of Public Health Department of Biostatistics, , Piscataway, NJ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingting","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State University of New Jersey Robert Wood Johnson Library of the Health Sciences, Rutgers, , New Brunswick, NJ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Brauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, , Seattle, WA,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jill","family":"Baumgartner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"and Occupational Health, McGill University Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, , Montreal, QC,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"McGill University Department of Equity, Ethics, and Policy, , Montreal, QC,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron J","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, , Seattle, WA,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Health Effects Institute , Boston, MA,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Schwander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rutgers School of Public Health Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, , Piscataway, NJ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Rutgers School of Public Health Department of Urban-Global Public Health, , Piscataway, NJ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"container-title":["Annals of the American Thoracic Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annalsats\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/annalsats\/aaoag299\/71523005\/aaoag299.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annalsats\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/annalsats\/aaoag299\/71523005\/aaoag299.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:42:58Z","timestamp":1790775778000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annalsats\/advance-article\/doi\/10.1093\/annalsats\/aaoag299\/8853812"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/annalsats\/aaoag299","relation":{},"ISSN":["2325-6621"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2325-6621","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"article-number":"aaoag299"}}