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This study evaluated whether type of farming (organic versus conventional) or the number of self-reported days of spraying pesticides in the past 8 months was associated with diurnal cortisol levels. Salivary cortisol levels were measured four times a day (waking, 30 min after waking, 6 h after waking and bedtime) longitudinally, 8 months apart during three rounds of data collection. Pesticide using (conventional) and organic farmers were recruited to participate. Pesticide use in the previous 8 months was determined as the number of spray days for each type of pesticide used (herbicide, insecticide, fungicide) from self-reported questionnaires. Estimates of cortisol levels at four time points, the cortisol awakening response (CAR), and the diurnal cortisol slope (DCS) were estimated with a longitudinal mixed model that accounted for the non-linearity of cortisol levels across the day. Conventional farmers had significantly lower cortisol levels at waking than organic farmers (3.39 versus 3.86 ng ml\u22121), 30 min after waking (5.87 versus 6.96 ng ml\u22121), 6 h after waking (1.62 versus 1.88 ng ml\u22121), and lower diurnal cortisol slope (\u22122.26 versus \u22122.51 ng ml\u22121). Farmers who frequently applied herbicides (90th percentile of the number of spray days in the past 8 months) had significantly lower waking, 30 min after waking, 6 h after waking, bedtime and diurnal cortisol slopes compared with those with no spray days of herbicide in the past 8 months (organic and some of the conventional farmers). Those who frequently applied insecticides in the past 8 months had significantly lower bedtime levels and diurnal cortisol slopes, compared with those with no spray days of insecticide in the past 8 months. There were no significant differences in cortisol hormones between those who frequently applied fungicides and those who did not spray fungicides. Repeated pesticide use appears to be disrupting the HPA axis and depressing the normal diurnal cortisol rhythm among conventional Thai farmers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxaa124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]],"date-time":"2020-11-16T12:17:20Z","timestamp":1605529040000},"page":"406-417","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Disruption of the Diurnal Cortisol Hormone Pattern by Pesticide Use in a Longitudinal Study of Farmers in Thailand"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Pornpimol","family":"Kongtip","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noppanun","family":"Nankongnab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Gore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854-2867, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ritthirong","family":"Pundee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mahidol University, Nakhonsawan Campus, Nakhonsawan, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pajaree","family":"Konthonbut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan R","family":"Woskie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 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