{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T14:14:03Z","timestamp":1789740843112,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_1","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZO1 ES 102945"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZO1 ES 102945"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The GuLF STUDY is investigating health outcomes associated with oil spill-related chemical exposures among workers involved in the spill response and clean-up following the Deepwater Horizon disaster. Due to the lack of dermal exposure measurements, we estimated dermal exposures using a deterministic model, which we customized from a previously published model. Workers provided information on the frequency of contact with oil, tar, chemical dispersants applied to the oil spill and sea water, as well as the use of protective equipment, by job\/activity\/task. Professional judgment by industrial hygienists served as a source of information for other model variables. The model estimated dermal exposures to total hydrocarbons (THC), benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, xylene, n-hexane (BTEX-H), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and dispersants in GuLF DREAM units (GDUs). Arithmetic means (AMs) of THC exposure estimates across study participants ranged from &amp;lt;0.02 to 5.50 GDUs for oil and &amp;lt;0.02 to 142.14 GDUs for tar. Statistical differences in the estimates were observed among the AMs of the estimates for some broad groups of worker activities over time and for some time periods across the broad groups of activities. N-Hexane had ranges similar to THC for oil exposures (e.g. AMs up to 2.22 GDUs) but not for tar (up to 5.56 GDUs). Benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, and xylene, in contrast, were characterized by higher exposure levels than THC for oil (AMs up to 12.77, 12.17, 17.45, and 36.77 GDUs, respectively) but lower levels than THC to tar (AMs up to 3.69, 11.65, 42.37, and 88.18 GDUs, respectively). For PAHs, the AMs were as high as 219.31 and 587.98 for oil and tar, respectively. Correlations of these seven substances to each other were high (&amp;gt;0.9) for most of the substances in oil but were lower for some of the substances in tar. These data were linked to the study participants to allow investigation of adverse health effects that may be related to dermal exposures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxab073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]],"date-time":"2021-09-08T11:40:29Z","timestamp":1631101229000},"page":"i234-i246","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Estimation of Dermal Exposure to Oil Spill Response and Clean-up Workers after the <i>Deepwater Horizon<\/i> Disaster"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Patricia A","family":"Stewart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Stewart Exposure Assessments, LLC, 6045 N. 27th. St., Arlington, VA 22207, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Gorman Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, 3rd Floor, 2206 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John W","family":"Cherrie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Insititue of Occupational Medicine, Research Avenue North, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Sciences, Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., a DLH Holdings Company, 4505 Emperor Blvd, Suite 400, Durham, NC 27703, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6794-8360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard K","family":"Kwok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive \u2013 MD A3-05, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA"},{"name":"Office of the Director, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Blair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence S","family":"Engel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive \u2013 MD A3-05, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6776-0018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dale P","family":"Sandler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive \u2013 MD A3-05, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7840-234X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark R","family":"Stenzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exposure Assessment Applications, LLC, 6045 N. 27th. St., Arlington, VA 22207, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022040715021828800_CIT0001","article-title":"Estimation of aerosol concentrations of oil dispersants COREXITTM EC9527a and EC9500A during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill response and clean-up operations.","volume-title":"Ann Work Expo Health","author":"Arnold","year":"2021"},{"key":"2022040715021828800_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1093\/annhyg\/mer088","article-title":"Predictors of dermal exposures to polycyclic aromatic compounds among hot-mix asphalt paving workers","volume":"56","author":"Cavallari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Occup Hyg"},{"key":"2022040715021828800_CIT0003","author":"Christopher","year":"2007"},{"key":"2022040715021828800_CIT0004","first-page":"319","article-title":"An assessment of dermal exposure to heavy fuel oil (HFO) in occupational settings","volume":"55","author":"Christopher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Occup Hyg"},{"key":"2022040715021828800_CIT0005","author":"Gorman","year":"1991"},{"key":"2022040715021828800_CIT0006","article-title":"GuLF DREAM: a model to estimate dermal exposure among oil spill response and clean-up workers","author":"Gorman Ng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Work Expo Health"},{"key":"2022040715021828800_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxab038","article-title":"Methods for the analysis of 26 million VOC area measurements during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill clean-up","volume-title":"Ann Work Expo Health","author":"Groth","year":"2021"},{"key":"2022040715021828800_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxab064","article-title":"Linear relationships between total hydrocarbons and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, and n-hexane during the Deepwater Horizon response and clean-up","volume-title":"Ann Work Expo Health","author":"Groth","year":"2021"},{"key":"2022040715021828800_CIT0009","article-title":"Estimates of occupational inhalation exposures to six oil-related compounds on the four rig vessels responding to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill","volume-title":"Ann Work Expo Health","author":"Huynh","year":"2021"},{"key":"2022040715021828800_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxaa113","article-title":"Estimates of inhalation exposures to oil-related components on the supporting vessels during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill","volume-title":"Ann Work Expo Health","author":"Huynh","year":"2021"},{"key":"2022040715021828800_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxab028","article-title":"Estimates of inhalation exposures among land workers during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill clean-up operations","volume-title":"Ann Work Expo Health","author":"Huynh","year":"2021"},{"key":"2022040715021828800_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP715","article-title":"The GuLF STUDY: a prospective study of persons involved in the deepwater horizon oil spill response and clean-up","volume":"125","author":"Kwok","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2022040715021828800_CIT0013","author":"NIOSH.","year":"2011"},{"key":"2022040715021828800_CIT0014","author":"NIOSH.","year":"1994"},{"key":"2022040715021828800_CIT0015","article-title":"Modeled air pollution from in situ burning and flaring of oil and gas released following the Deepwater Horizon disaster","volume-title":"Ann Work Expo Health","author":"Pratt","year":"2021"},{"key":"2022040715021828800_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxab066","article-title":"Using real-time area VOC measurements to estimate total hydrocarbons exposures to workers involved in the Deepwater Horizon oil spill","volume-title":"Ann Work Expo Health","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2021"},{"key":"2022040715021828800_CIT0019","article-title":"Estimation of airborne concentrations of oil dispersants COREXITTM EC9527A and EC9500A, volatile components associated with the Deepwater Horizon oil spill response and clean-up operations","volume-title":"Ann Work Expo Health","author":"Stenzel","year":"2021"},{"key":"2022040715021828800_CIT0021","article-title":"Exposure group development in support of the NIEHS GuLF STUDY","volume-title":"Ann Work Expo Health","author":"Stenzel","year":"2021"},{"key":"2022040715021828800_CIT0022","article-title":"Assessing exposures from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill response and clean-up. 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