{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T23:53:39Z","timestamp":1791590019698,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,30]],"date-time":"2021-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The odor detection threshold for a chemical typically varies widely across population members, and the values can be described by a lognormal distribution. Assuming that the parameters of a chemical\u2019s odor detection threshold distribution can be estimated, a method is presented to retrospectively estimate exposure intensity based on detecting the chemical\u2019s odor. The context is a single exposure period involving a single air contaminant. In brief, where k out of n identically exposed persons detect the chemical\u2019s odor, the best estimate of the chemical\u2019s concentration in air corresponds to the k \u00f7 n fractile of the odor detection threshold distribution. Where n is small and\/or k \u00f7 n is close to zero or one, exact 100\u00d7(1\u2212\u03b1)% confidence bounds for the fractile estimate can be computed without using the normal distribution assumption. In addition, statistical uncertainty in the parameter estimates of the chemical\u2019s odor detection threshold distribution can be considered via a parametric bootstrap procedure, such that an overall 100\u00d7(1\u2212\u03b1)% confidence interval on the chemical\u2019s concentration in air is obtained. The method is illustrated for benzene. Analysis of the available benzene odor detection threshold literature provides best estimates of a population geometric mean equal to 37.8 ppm and geometric standard deviation equal to 1.92. In a hypothetical example in which two out of six workers detect the odor of benzene, the point estimate of the benzene exposure level is 28.5 ppm, and the approximate one-sided lower 95% confidence limit is 8.2 ppm. The present analysis also makes clear that odor does not provide an adequate warning of excessive levels of airborne benzene.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxab095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]],"date-time":"2021-10-13T20:38:32Z","timestamp":1634157512000},"page":"808-814","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Estimating Exposure Intensity Based on Odor"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Mark","family":"Nicas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Environmental Health Sciences Division, Room 50 University Hall, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720-7360 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Neuhaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California , San Francisco, CA 94143-0560 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022070212465919900_CIT0001","author":"Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry","year":"2016"},{"key":"2022070212465919900_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/0471249688","volume-title":"Categorical data analysis","author":"Agresti","year":"2002","edition":"2"},{"key":"2022070212465919900_CIT0003","volume-title":"Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices, 7th edition\u20142018 supplement","author":"American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists","year":"2018"},{"key":"2022070212465919900_CIT0004","volume-title":"Odor thresholds for chemicals with established occupational health standards","author":"American Industrial Hygiene Association","year":"1989"},{"key":"2022070212465919900_CIT0005","volume-title":"Odor thresholds for chemicals with established occupational health 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substances","volume":"34","author":"Naus","year":"1982","journal-title":"Prac Lek"},{"key":"2022070212465919900_CIT0014","author":"Occupational Safety and Health Administration","year":"2021"},{"key":"2022070212465919900_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/7.3-4.215","article-title":"Measurement of human olfactory thresholds for several groups of structurally related compounds","volume":"7","author":"Punter","year":"1983","journal-title":"Chem Sens"},{"key":"2022070212465919900_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1037\/h0082984","article-title":"Changes in olfactory and gustatory sensitivity after prolonged visual deprivation","volume":"21","author":"Schutte","year":"1967","journal-title":"Can J Psychol"},{"key":"2022070212465919900_CIT0017","volume-title":"Odour thresholds: compilations of odour threshold values in air, water and other media","author":"Van 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