{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T15:56:13Z","timestamp":1778946973345,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,4]],"date-time":"2022-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003093","name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Use of pesticides has been linked to neurobehavioral deficits among exposed workers. In Malaysia, organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticides are commonly used to control mosquito-borne diseases.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study aims to assess workers\u2019 lifetime occupational pesticide exposure and examine the relationship with neurobehavioral health.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A cross-sectional study was conducted on 158 pesticide-exposed and 176 non-exposed workers. To collect historical exposure and job tasks, a questionnaire and an occupational history interview were used. Pesticide exposure was measured in a subgroup of workers via inhalation and skin contact. The total pesticide intake of each worker was assessed using inhalation and dermal exposure models. CANTAB\u00ae computerised neurobehavioral performance assessments were used.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The participants\u2019 mean age was 31 (8) years. Pirimiphos-methyl (median = 0.569 mg\/m3, Interquartile range [IQR] = 0.151, 0.574) and permethrin (median = 0.136 mg\/m3, IQR = 0.116, 0.157) had the highest measured personal inhalation concentrations during thermal spraying. The estimated total lifetime pesticide intake for exposed workers ranged from 0.006 g to 12800 g (median = 379 g and IQR = 131, 794 g). Dermal exposure was the predominant route of pesticide intake for all workers. Compared to controls, workers with high lifetime pesticide intake had lower Match to Sample Visual (adjusted B = \u22121.4, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = \u22122.6, 0.1), Spatial Recognition Memory (adjusted B = \u22123.3, 95% CI = \u22125.8, 0.8), Spatial Span (SSP) (adjusted B = \u22120.6, 95% CI = \u22120.9, 0.3) scores. Workers with low pesticide intake performed worse than controls (adjusted B = \u22120.5, 95% CI = \u22120.8, \u22120.2) in the SSP test, but scored higher in the Motor Screening test (adjusted B = 0.9, 95% CI = 0.1, 1.6). Higher Paired Associates Learning test scores were observed among higher (adjusted B = 7.4, 95% CI = 2.3, 12.4) and lower (adjusted B = 8.1, 95% CI = 3, 13.2) pesticide intake groups. There was no significant difference between the Reaction Time and Pattern Recognition Memory tests with lifetime pesticide intake after adjusting for confounders.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Pesticide exposure has been linked to poorer neurobehavioral performance. As dermal exposure accounts for a major fraction of total intake, pesticide prevention should focus on limiting dermal exposure.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxac038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]],"date-time":"2022-05-11T13:32:06Z","timestamp":1652275926000},"page":"1044-1055","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Mosquito Control Workers in Malaysia: Is Lifetime Occupational Pesticide Exposure Associated With Poorer Neurobehavioral Performance?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2610-146X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Zubir","family":"Yusof","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Kulliyyah (Faculty) of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia , Bandar Indera Mahkota Campus, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang Darul Makmur , Malaysia"},{"name":"Division of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD , UK"},{"name":"IIUM Health, Safety and Environment (IHSEN), Kulliyyah (Faculty) of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia, Bandar Indera Mahkota Campus, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah , 25200 Kuantan, Pahang Darul Makmur , Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John W","family":"Cherrie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot Watt University , Edinburgh, EH14 4AS , UK"},{"name":"Institute of Occupational Medicine, Research Avenue North , Riccarton, Edinburgh, Midlothian EH14 4AP , UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Niza","family":"Samsuddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, Kulliyyah (Faculty) of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Bandar Indera Mahkota Campus , Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang Darul Makmur , Malaysia"},{"name":"IIUM Health, Safety and Environment (IHSEN), Kulliyyah (Faculty) of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia, Bandar Indera Mahkota Campus, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah , 25200 Kuantan, Pahang Darul Makmur , Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0462-7295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sean","family":"Semple","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Social Marketing and Health, University of Stirling , Stirling FK9 4LA , UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022101105564098600_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2009.047811","article-title":"Neurobehavioral effects of long-term exposure to pesticides: results from the 4-year follow-up of the PHYTONER study","volume":"68","author":"Baldi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2022101105564098600_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jea.7500443","article-title":"Pesticide contamination of workers in vineyards in France","volume":"16","author":"Baldi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"2022101105564098600_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2012.82","article-title":"Levels and determinants of pesticide exposure in operators involved in treatment of vineyards: results of the PESTEXPO Study","volume":"22","author":"Baldi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"2022101105564098600_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e62442","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0062442","article-title":"Children\u2019s phthalate intakes and resultant cumulative exposures estimated from urine compared with estimates from dust ingestion, inhalation and dermal absorption in their homes and daycare centers","volume":"8","author":"Bek\u00f6","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2022101105564098600_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2013.12.010","article-title":"Effects of occupational exposure to chlorpyrifos on neuropsychological function: a prospective longitudinal study","volume":"41","author":"Berent","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"2022101105564098600_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws346","article-title":"Cognitive disorders and occupational exposure to organophosphates: results from the PHYTONER study","volume":"177","author":"Blanc-Lapierre","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2022101105564098600_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4878(00)00006-5","article-title":"A dermal model for spray painters. 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