{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T12:25:54Z","timestamp":1754396754730,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]],"date-time":"2022-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"PROTECT COVID-19 National Core Study"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Food processing facilities represent critical infrastructure that have stayed open during much of the COVID-19 pandemic. Understanding the burden of COVID-19 in this sector is thus important to help reduce the potential for workplace infection in future outbreaks.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We undertook a workplace survey in the UK food and drink processing sector and collected information on workplace size, characteristics (e.g. temperature, ventilation), and experience with COVID-19 (e.g. numbers of positive cases). For each site, we calculated COVID-19 case rates per month per 1000 workers. We performed an ecological analysis using negative binomial regression to assess the association between COVID-19 rates and workplace and local risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Respondents from 33 companies including 66 individual sites completed the survey. COVID-19 cases were reported from the start of the pandemic up to June 2021. Respondents represented a range of industry subgroups, including grain milling\/storage (n = 16), manufacture of malt (n = 14), manufacture of prepared meals (n = 12), manufacture of beverages (n = 8), distilling (n = 5), manufacture of baked goods (n = 5), and other (n = 6), with a total of 15 563 workers across all sites. Average monthly case rates per 1000 workers ranged from 0.9 in distilling to 6.1 in grain milling\/storage. Incidence rate ratios were partially attenuated after adjusting for several local and workplace factors, though risks for one subgroup (grain milling\/storage) remained elevated. Certain local and workplace characteristics were related to higher infection rates, such as higher deprivation (5 km only), a lower proportion of remote workers, lower proportion of workers in close proximity, and higher numbers of workers overall.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our analysis suggests some heterogeneity in the rates of COVID-19 across sectors of the UK food and drink processing industry. Infection rates were associated with deprivation, the proportions of remote workers and workers in close proximity, and the number of workers.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxac042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]],"date-time":"2022-06-15T15:09:21Z","timestamp":1655305761000},"page":"147-152","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["An Ecological Study of COVID-19 Infection Rates within the UK Food and Drink Processing Industry"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8712-736X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William","family":"Mueller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Occupational Medicine , Edinburgh , UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4285-0375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miranda","family":"Loh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Occupational Medicine , Edinburgh , UK"},{"name":"Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester , Manchester , UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tony","family":"Fletcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London , UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Rhodes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester , Manchester , UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Pembrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London , UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9938-7852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neil","family":"Pearce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London , UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1205-1898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martie","family":"van Tongeren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester , Manchester , UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023011209062197600_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdaa136","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 outbreak by income: hitting hardest the most deprived","volume":"42","author":"Baena-D\u00edez","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Public Health"},{"key":"2023011209062197600_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6933e3","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities among COVID-19 cases in workplace outbreaks by industry sector\u2014Utah, March 6\u2013June 5, 2020","volume":"69","author":"Bui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2023011209062197600_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.05.06.21256757","article-title":"COVID-19 outbreak rates and infection attack rates associated with the workplace: a descriptive 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2020","volume":"69","author":"Dyal","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2023011209062197600_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13296","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.202013296","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 outbreak investigation in a German meat processing plant","volume":"12","author":"G\u00fcnther","year":"2020","journal-title":"EMBO Mol Med"},{"key":"2023011209062197600_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/cjag.12286","article-title":"COVID-19 and food processing in Canada","volume":"69","author":"Hailu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can J Agric Econ"},{"key":"2023011209062197600_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2704.204800","article-title":"Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 transmission among meat processing workers in Nebraska, USA, and effectiveness of risk mitigation measures","volume":"27","author":"Herstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Infect 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