{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T22:48:39Z","timestamp":1740178119703,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]],"date-time":"2022-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004787","name":"The Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PETROMAKS-2","280904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PETROMAKS-2","280904"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004787","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Work on offshore petroleum installations may cause exposure to benzene. Benzene is a carcinogenic agent, and exposure among workers should be as low as reasonably practicable. We aimed to assess short-term (less than 60 min) benzene exposure from the most frequent work tasks on offshore installations on the Norwegian continental shelf and identify determinants of exposure. In addition, we aimed to assess the time trend in task-based benzene measurements from 2002 to 2018.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The study included 763 task-based measurements with a sampling duration of less than 60 min, collected on 28 offshore installations from 2002 to 2018. The measurements were categorized into 10 different tasks. Multilevel mixed-effect Tobit regression models were developed for two tasks: sampling and disassembling\/assembling equipment. Benzene source, season, indoors or outdoors, design of process area, year of production start, sampling method, and work operation were considered as potential determinants for benzene exposure in the models.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The overall geometric mean (GM) benzene exposure was 0.02 ppm (95% confidence intervals 95%(CI: 0.01\u20130.04). The pipeline inspection gauge (PIG) operation task was associated with the highest exposure, with a GM of 0.33 ppm, followed by work on flotation cells, disassembling\/assembling, and sampling, with GMs of 0.16, 0.04, and 0.01 ppm, respectively. Significant determinants for the disassembling\/assembling task were work operation (changing or recertifying valves, changing or cleaning filters, and breaking pipes) and benzene source. For sampling, the benzene source was a significant determinant. Overall, the task-based benzene exposure declined annually by 10.2% (CI 95%: \u221217.4 to \u22122.4%) from 2002 to 2018.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The PIG operation task was associated with the highest exposure out of the ten tasks, followed by work on flotation cells and when performing disassembling\/assembling of equipment. The exposure was associated with the type of benzene source that was worked on. Despite the decline in task-based exposure in 2002\u20132018, technical measures should still be considered in order to reduce the exposure.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxac067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]],"date-time":"2022-10-21T15:23:28Z","timestamp":1666365808000},"page":"228-240","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Benzene Exposure From Selected Work Tasks on Offshore Petroleum Installations on the Norwegian Continental Shelf, 2002\u20132018"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Hilde","family":"Ridderseth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bergen , 5020 Bergen , Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dagrun Sletteb\u00f8","family":"Daltveit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bergen , 5020 Bergen , Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bj\u00f8rg Eli","family":"Hollund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bergen , 5020 Bergen , Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jorunn","family":"Kirkeleit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bergen , 5020 Bergen , Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Kromhout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University , 3584 CS Utrecht , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kirsti","family":"Kr\u00fcger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equinor ASA , 4035 Stavanger , Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kari","family":"Aasb\u00f8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equinor ASA , 4035 Stavanger , Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magne","family":"Br\u00e5tveit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bergen , 5020 Bergen , Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"BENZENE: notice of intended change. 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operations","volume":"33","author":"Burns","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol Ind Health"},{"volume-title":"Det Norske Veritas and Germanischer Lloyd, D., H\u00e5ndtering av produsert vann - erfaringer fra norsk sokkel (Report).: H\u00f8vik, Norway.","year":"2015","author":"DNVGL.","key":"2023021307025191600_CIT0005"},{"key":"2023021307025191600_CIT0006","first-page":"L88\/4","volume-title":"European Union, Directive (EU) 2022\/431 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 2022 amending Directive 2004\/37\/EC on the protection of workers from the risks related to exposure to carcinogens or mutagens at work in Official Journal of the European Union","author":"European Union E.","year":"2022"},{"key":"2023021307025191600_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2010.04.004","article-title":"Occupational exposure to benzene at the ExxonMobil refinery in Beaumont, TX (1976-2007)","volume":"213","author":"Gaffney","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"2023021307025191600_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2018.12.045","article-title":"Determinants of airborne benzene evaporating from fresh crude oils released into seawater","volume":"140","author":"Gjesteland","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mar Pollut Bull"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023021307025191600_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000082001.05563.e0","article-title":"Leukemia risk associated with low-level benzene exposure.","volume":"14","author":"Glass","year":"2003","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2023021307025191600_CIT0010","first-page":"123","article-title":"Benzene exposure on a crude oil production vessel","volume":"50","author":"Kirkeleit","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Work Expo 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