{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T11:43:11Z","timestamp":1768909391500,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]],"date-time":"2023-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"International Platinum Group Metals Association"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Occupational exposure to soluble chlorinated platinum (Pt) salts, commonly called chloroplatinates, is a known cause of Pt salt sensitisation (PSS) and occupational asthma. We aimed to model inhalable soluble Pt salts exposure levels based on measurements in precious metal refineries for use in a retrospective cohort study on PSS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Five platinum refineries located in the United Kingdom (3 sites), United States, and South Africa provided time weighted average inhalable soluble Pt salts exposure data, measured in 2,982 personal air samples over a 17-year period (2000-2016). We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate geometric mean (GM) exposure levels for each refinery and job title over time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The GM of measured exposure levels over all facilities was 92 ng\/m3 with a geometric standard deviation (GSD) of 9.07. Facility-specific GMs ranged from 48 ng\/m3 (GSD 15.3) to 242 ng\/m3 (GSD 5.99). Exposure modelling showed that soluble Pt salts exposure levels declined approximately 10% per year in two of the five facilities, but there were no clear time trends in the other facilities. A priori specified exposure groups captured most of the between-jobs differences, which helps to accurately predict exposures for jobs with no measurement data available.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We applied exposure modelling to estimate time, refinery, and job-specific soluble Pt salts exposures. A significant annual decline in exposure levels was observed in two of the five participating facilities. Modelled exposure levels can be linked to individual workers\u2019 job history for exposure\u2013response analysis of PSS in an epidemiological study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxad023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]],"date-time":"2023-04-27T18:45:16Z","timestamp":1682621116000},"page":"720-730","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Exposure to soluble platinum salts in precious metal refinery workers over a 17-year period"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0292-0946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lidwien A M","family":"Smit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juliete","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dick","family":"Heederik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frits","family":"van Rooy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands"},{"name":"Arbo Unie, Expert Center for Chemical Risk Management , Utrecht , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L\u00fctzen","family":"Portengen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Remko","family":"Houba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands"},{"name":"Netherlands Expertise Center for Occupational Respiratory Disorders , Utrecht , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023070615160651300_CIT0001","first-page":"129","article-title":"Structure activity hypotheses in occupational asthma caused by low molecular weight substances","volume":"35","author":"Agius","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann Occup Hyg"},{"key":"2023070615160651300_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v080.i01","article-title":"Brms: An R package for Bayesian multilevel models using stan","volume":"80","author":"B\u00fcrkner","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Statist Software"},{"key":"2023070615160651300_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.52.10.661","article-title":"Platinum salt sensitivity in refinery workers: incidence and effects of smoking and exposure","volume":"52","author":"Calverley","year":"1995","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2023070615160651300_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.13294","article-title":"Peak exposures in epidemiologic studies and cancer risks: considerations for regulatory risk assessment","volume":"39","author":"Checkoway","year":"2019","journal-title":"Risk Anal"},{"key":"2023070615160651300_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.1976.tb01897.x","article-title":"Immediate (type I) allergic responses to platinum compounds","volume":"6","author":"Cleare","year":"1976","journal-title":"Clin Allergy"},{"key":"2023070615160651300_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2014.12.010","article-title":"In vitro permeation of platinum through African and Caucasian skin","volume":"232","author":"Franken","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"2023070615160651300_CIT0007","volume-title":"Platinum and platinum compounds. Health-based recommended occupational exposure limit","author":"Health Council of the Netherlands","year":"2008"},{"key":"2023070615160651300_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.07.030","article-title":"Exposure-response analyses for platinum salt-exposed workers and sensitization: a retrospective cohort study among newly exposed workers using routinely collected surveillance data","volume":"137","author":"Heederik","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2023070615160651300_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1995.10476572","article-title":"Bayes factors","volume":"90","author":"Kass","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"2023070615160651300_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1080\/08958378.2018.1554015","article-title":"Cross-reactivity between halogenated platinum salts in an immediate-type respiratory hypersensitivity model","volume":"30","author":"Lehmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inhal Toxicol"},{"key":"2023070615160651300_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.7b00184","article-title":"Occupational respiratory exposure to platinum group metals: a review and recommendations","volume":"30","author":"Linde","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem Res Toxicol"},{"key":"2023070615160651300_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2018.05.016","article-title":"Urinary excretion of platinum (Pt) following skin and respiratory exposure to soluble Pt at South African precious metals refineries","volume":"221","author":"Linde","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"2023070615160651300_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxaa105","article-title":"Effectiveness of personal protective equipment in reducing skin exposure to soluble platinum","volume":"65","author":"Linde","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Work Expo Health"},{"key":"2023070615160651300_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-021-01666-2","article-title":"Skin and respiratory exposure to platinum group metals at two South African precious metals refineries","volume":"94","author":"Linde","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Health"},{"key":"2023070615160651300_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4878(96)00026-9","article-title":"Measurement of short-term exposure to airborne soluble platinum in the platinum industry","volume":"41","author":"Maynard","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann Occup Hyg"},{"key":"2023070615160651300_CIT0016","first-page":"587","article-title":"Evaluation of peak exposures in the Dutch flour processing industry: implications for intervention strategies","volume":"52","author":"Meijster","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Occup Hyg"},{"key":"2023070615160651300_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(00)90089-7","article-title":"Exposure-effect relationship of platinum salt allergy in a catalyst production plant: Conclusions from a 5-year prospective cohort study","volume":"105","author":"Merget","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2023070615160651300_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.53.4.252","article-title":"Allergy to complex platinum salts: a historical prospective cohort study","volume":"53","author":"Niezborala","year":"1996","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2023070615160651300_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1093\/annhyg\/mew034","article-title":"SYN-JEM: a quantitative job-exposure matrix for five lung carcinogens","volume":"60","author":"Peters","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Occup Hyg"},{"key":"2023070615160651300_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2004.016022","article-title":"Biomonitoring of a worker population exposed to platinum dust in a catalyst production plant","volume":"62","author":"Petrucci","year":"2005","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2023070615160651300_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxz007","article-title":"Progress in Bayesian Statistical Applications in Exposure Assessment","volume":"63","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Work Expo Health"},{"key":"2023070615160651300_CIT0022","first-page":"13","article-title":"Bayesian hierarchical modelling of individual expert assessments in the development of a general-population job-exposure matrix","volume":"64","author":"Sauv\u00e9","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Work Expo Health"},{"key":"2023070615160651300_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152657","article-title":"An improved method for sampling and analytical measurement of aerosol platinum in ambient air and workplace environments","volume":"814","author":"Shafer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2023070615160651300_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2005.021527","article-title":"Agricultural seed dust as a potential cause of organic dust toxic syndrome","volume":"63","author":"Smit","year":"2006","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2023070615160651300_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.299.6705.939","article-title":"Smoking and occupational allergy in workers in a platinum refinery","volume":"299","author":"Venables","year":"1989","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2023070615160651300_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611693","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.611693","article-title":"Peak inhalation exposure metrics used in occupational epidemiologic and exposure studies","volume":"8","author":"Virji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"2023070615160651300_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1038\/nchem.818","article-title":"Behind platinum\u2019s sparkle","volume":"2","author":"Yam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Chem"}],"container-title":["Annals of Work Exposures and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annweh\/article-pdf\/67\/6\/720\/50830660\/wxad023.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annweh\/article-pdf\/67\/6\/720\/50830660\/wxad023.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]],"date-time":"2023-12-11T16:39:30Z","timestamp":1702312770000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annweh\/article\/67\/6\/720\/7145920"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/annweh\/wxad023","relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-7308","2398-7316"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-7308","type":"print"},{"value":"2398-7316","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]]}}}