{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T04:54:31Z","timestamp":1790916871258,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","funder":[{"name":"National Occupational Research Agenda"},{"name":"National Wildfire Coordinating Group"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Wildland firefighters (WFFs) are exposed to many inhalation hazards working in the wildland fire environment. To assess occupational exposures and acute and subacute health effects among WFFs, the wildland firefighter exposure and health effects study collected data for a 2-year repeated measures study. This manuscript describes the exposure assessment from one Interagency Hotshot Crew (N = 19) conducted at a wildfire incident. Exposures to benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene isomers, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and naphthalene were measured through personal air sampling each work shift. Biological monitoring was done for creatinine-adjusted levoglucosan in urine pre- and post-shift. For 3 days sampling at the wildfire incident, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene isomers (m and p, and o) exposure was highest on day 1 (geometric mean [GM] = 0.015, 0.042, 0.10, 0.42, and 0.15 ppm, respectively) when WFFs were not exposed to smoke but used chainsaws to remove vegetation and prepare fire suppression breaks. Exposure to formaldehyde and acetaldehyde was highest on day 2 (GM = 0.03 and 0.036 ppm, respectively) when the WFFs conducted a firing operation and were directly exposed to wildfire smoke. The greatest difference of pre- and post-shift levoglucosan concentrations were observed on day 3 (pre-shift: 9.7 and post-shift: 47 \u03bcg\/mg creatinine) after WFFs conducted mop up (returned to partially burned area to extinguish any smoldering vegetation). Overall, 65% of paired samples (across all sample days) showed a post-shift increase in urinary levoglucosan and 5 firefighters were exposed to benzene at concentrations at or above the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommended exposure limit. Our findings further demonstrate that exposure to inhalation hazards is one of many risks that wildland firefighters experience while suppressing wildfires.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxad046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,19]],"date-time":"2023-08-19T18:16:08Z","timestamp":1692468968000},"page":"1011-1017","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Characterization of inhalation exposures at a wildfire incident during the Wildland Firefighter Exposure and Health Effects (WFFEHE) Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2866-2087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathleen M","family":"Navarro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Western States Division , P.O. Box 25226, Denver, CO 80225-0226 , United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Fent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Field Studies and Engineering, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , 1090 Tusculum Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45226 , United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2141-9033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander C","family":"Mayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Field Studies and Engineering, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , 1090 Tusculum Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45226 , United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott E","family":"Brueck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Field Studies and Engineering, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , 1090 Tusculum Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45226 , United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Toennis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division , 1090 Tusculum Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45226 , United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandon","family":"Law","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division , 1090 Tusculum Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45226 , United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana","family":"Meadows","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division , 1090 Tusculum Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45226 , United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Sammons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division , 1090 Tusculum Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45226 , United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Skylar","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Forest Service, National Technology and Development Program , 5785 Hwy 10 West, Missoula, MT 59808 , United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023092220303047300_CIT0001","first-page":"73","article-title":"Urinary mutagenicity and other biomarkers of occupational smoke exposure of wildland firefighters and oxidative stress","volume-title":"Inhal Toxicol","author":"Adetona","year":"2019"},{"key":"2023092220303047300_CIT0002","first-page":"95","article-title":"Review of the health effects of wildland fire smoke on wildland firefighters and the public","volume-title":"Inhal Toxicol","author":"Adetona","year":"2016"},{"key":"2023092220303047300_CIT0003","volume-title":"Final Report: Wildland Fire Smoke Health Effects on Wildland Firefighters and the Public. 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Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Toxic Organic Compounds in Ambient Air- Compendium Method TO-11A","author":"US EPA","year":"1999"},{"key":"2023092220303047300_CIT0019","volume-title":"Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds in Ambient Air Using Active Sampling onto Sorbent Tubes. Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Toxic Organic Compounds in Ambient Air- Compendium Method TO-17","author":"US EPA","year":"1999"}],"container-title":["Annals of Work Exposures and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annweh\/article-pdf\/67\/8\/1011\/51721207\/wxad046.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annweh\/article-pdf\/67\/8\/1011\/51721207\/wxad046.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]],"date-time":"2023-09-22T20:30:47Z","timestamp":1695414647000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annweh\/article\/67\/8\/1011\/7246408"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,19]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/annweh\/wxad046","relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-7308","2398-7316"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-7308","type":"print"},{"value":"2398-7316","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,19]]}}}