{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T04:18:45Z","timestamp":1789618725948,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Over the past 15 years, there have been numerous fatalities related to working with animal slurry. Working with cattle slurry releases toxic gases, in particular, hydrogen sulphide (H2S), which can cause acute central nervous system toxicity, breathing difficulties, and death if exposed to high concentrations. Real-time measurements of H2S gas were taken over distance and time, during the stirring of cattle slurry on farms. Gas was measured at eight slurry stores with differing typical configurations of indoor or outdoor stores and with or without slatted flooring. Highest H2S gas levels were measured from indoor stores under slatted floors, and generally at positions closest to the stirrer or the point of maximum stirring, with levels decreasing with distance from source. Most of the data indicate H2S gas levels increase very rapidly after stirring starts, and mostly decline to baseline levels within 30 min post start of stirring. There were, however, circumstances where gas levels remained high and only started to decline once the stirrer had stopped. H2S gas levels at all farms, at all positions measured were consistently below 10 ppm within 30 min of the stirrer being stopped. The current data highlight areas of the farm and ways of working that have the potential for workers and others to be at risk of exposure to toxic slurry gases. The area should be left to ventilate naturally for at least 30 min after the stirrer has been stopped before re-entering buildings. Influencing the design of stirring equipment and future slurry stores would likely reduce the risk of worker exposure to slurry gases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxae020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]],"date-time":"2024-03-25T19:54:41Z","timestamp":1711396481000},"page":"387-396","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Working with cattle slurry on farms: emission and dispersion of hydrogen sulfide gas during stirring"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Amy","family":"Gyte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Health and Safety Executive, The HSE Science and Research Centre , Harpur Hill, Buxton, Derbyshire SK17 9JN , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Kelsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Health and Safety Executive, The HSE Science and Research Centre , Harpur Hill, Buxton, Derbyshire SK17 9JN , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2024042205542091000_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2004.0435","article-title":"Preliminary investigation of air bubbling and dietary sulfur reduction to mitigate hydrogen sulfide and odour from swine waste","volume":"34","author":"Clark","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Environ Qual"},{"key":"2024042205542091000_CIT0002","first-page":"1381","article-title":"Gypsum in animal slurry systems enhances generation 470 of hydrogen sulphide and increases occupational exposure hazard","volume-title":"Sci Total Environ","author":"Crook","year":"2017"},{"key":"2024042205542091000_CIT0003","volume-title":"Research into hydrogen sulphide gas emissions from slurry storage, final report","author":"Frost","year":"2003"},{"key":"2024042205542091000_CIT0004","author":"Health and Safety Executive (HSE)","year":"2015"},{"key":"2024042205542091000_CIT0005","author":"Health and Safety Executive (HSE)","year":"2023"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024042205542091000_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5349","DOI":"10.3390\/s120505349","article-title":"Redox potential as a means to control the treatment of slurry to lower H2S emissions","volume":"12","author":"Hjorth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"2024042205542091000_CIT0007","first-page":"36","article-title":"Ammonia emissions from an uncovered dairy slurry storage tank over two years: interactions with tank operations and meteorological conditions","volume-title":"Biosyst Eng","author":"Kupper","year":"2021"},{"key":"2024042205542091000_CIT0008","first-page":"3","article-title":"Odour from animal production facilities: its relationship to diet","volume-title":"Nutr Res Rev","author":"Le","year":"2005"},{"key":"2024042205542091000_CIT0009","first-page":"14","author":"Lenehan","year":"2005"},{"key":"2024042205542091000_CIT0010","first-page":"345","article-title":"Additives to reduce ammonia and odour emissions from livestock wastes: a review","volume-title":"J Environ Qual","author":"McCrory","year":"2001"},{"key":"2024042205542091000_CIT0011","first-page":"1520","article-title":"Greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions from slurry storage: impacts of temperature and potential mitigation through covering (pig slurry) or acidification (cattle slurry)","volume-title":"J Environ Qual","author":"Misselbrook","year":"2016"},{"key":"2024042205542091000_CIT0012","volume-title":"Compendium of chemical hazards: hydrogen sulphide","author":"Public Health England","year":"2016"},{"key":"2024042205542091000_CIT0013","first-page":"464","article-title":"Research Paper: SE\u2014Structures and Environment: Natural crusting of slurry storage as an abatement measure for ammonia emissions on dairy farms","volume-title":"Biosyst Eng","author":"Smith","year":"2007"},{"issue":"S1","key":"2024042205542091000_CIT0014","first-page":"1090","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide emissions from cattle manure: experimental study","volume":"18","author":"Vtoryi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Agron Res"},{"key":"2024042205542091000_CIT0016","article-title":"The influence of gypsum in animal slurry systems on the generation of hydrogen sulphide. HSE Research Report RR1041","author":"Smith","year":"2015"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024042205542091000_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.13257","article-title":"Wheat straw cover for reducing ammonia and hydrogen sulfide emissions from dairy manure storage","volume":"42","author":"Xue","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trans Am Soc Agric Biol Eng"}],"container-title":["Annals of Work Exposures and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annweh\/article-pdf\/68\/4\/387\/57189530\/wxae020.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annweh\/article-pdf\/68\/4\/387\/57189530\/wxae020.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]],"date-time":"2024-04-22T05:54:33Z","timestamp":1713765273000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annweh\/article\/68\/4\/387\/7634698"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/annweh\/wxae020","relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-7308","2398-7316"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-7308","type":"print"},{"value":"2398-7316","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]]}}}