{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T17:17:27Z","timestamp":1778865447186,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]],"date-time":"2024-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Nordic Expert Group for Criteria Documents on Chemical Hazards"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Both exposure to occupational chemicals and to unusual working hours have well documented effects on health. Determination of occupational exposure limits is, however, usually based on chemical-only exposure and assumes an 8-h workday, 5 days\/week and a 40-h work week. A significant proportion of the workforce is exposed to chemicals while working in other work schedules. This review thus aimed to synthesize and evaluate the scientific support for a combined effect of unusual working hours and chemical exposure and, if possible, give recommendations for OEL adjustments to account for unusual working hours.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The search for articles was made as part of the preparation of a report for the Nordic Expert Group for Criteria Documentation of Health Risks from Chemicals. In this report, unusual working hours were categorized as shift work or extended (&amp;gt;8 h) working hours. Inclusion criteria were observational studies in the English language published up to November 2021 in peer-reviewed journals, with explicit metrics of exposure (chemicals and unusual working hours) and of health outcome, and which explicitly tested the association between exposure and outcome. Search engines of seven databases were used.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Of the initially 15 400 identified papers, 9 studies published between 1985 and 2021 met the inclusion criteria, 7 of which showed significant associations. Results from a few of the studies, i.e. regarding effects of dust and endotoxin on lung function, effects of acetone on sleep quality and tiredness, effects of carbon disulphide on coronary artery disease and effects of chemicals on spontaneous abortion, suggested more pronounced effects during night shifts compared to during day shifts.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The reviewed data is considered insufficient to conclude on recommendations for OEL adjustment for shift work. Suggested areas of future studies are mentioned.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Further studies about the effects of the combined exposure to unusual working hours and chemical exposure are essential for risk assessment, and for recommendation of potential OEL adjustments. What is important about this paper? Effects of chemical agents at the workplace may depend not only on exposure level and duration but also on the time of exposure in relation to the circadian rhythm. This study reviewed the scientific support for a combined effect of unusual working hours and chemical exposure and revealed an obvious need for additional studies regarding the complex interplay of the two different exposures with respect to adverse health effects.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxae033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]],"date-time":"2024-05-06T12:39:30Z","timestamp":1714999170000},"page":"647-656","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Effects of the combined exposure to chemicals and unusual working hours"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Jenny-Anne S","family":"Lie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology, National Institute of Occupational Health , Oslo , Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Zienolddiny-Narui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Occupational Toxicology, National Institute of Occupational Health , Oslo , Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magne","family":"Br\u00e5tveit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2024070813404815600_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-011-0666-z","article-title":"Assessment of time to pregnancy and spontaneous abortion status following occupational exposure to organic solvents mixture","volume":"85","author":"Attarchi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024070813404815600_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22299","article-title":"Coronary artery disease and cancer mortality in a cohort of workers exposed to vinyl chloride, carbon disulfide, rotating shift work, and o-toluidine at a chemical manufacturing plant","volume":"57","author":"Carre\u00f3n","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"2024070813404815600_CIT0003","first-page":"777","article-title":"Neurobehavioral effects of solvents and circadian rhythms","volume":"17","author":"Kiesswetter","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"issue":"Supplement 2","key":"2024070813404815600_CIT0004","first-page":"S61","article-title":"Solvent exposure, shiftwork, and sleep","volume":"3","author":"Kiesswetter","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int J Occup Environ Health"},{"key":"2024070813404815600_CIT0005","volume-title":"155. Occupational chemical exposures in combination with unusual working hours","author":"Lie","year":"2023"},{"issue":"9","key":"2024070813404815600_CIT0006","first-page":"601","article-title":"Lung function measurements over 21 days shiftwork in steelworkers from a strandcasting department","volume":"42","author":"Nemery","year":"1985","journal-title":"Br J Ind Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024070813404815600_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.97.10071523","article-title":"Short-term ventilatory effects in workers exposed to fumes containing zinc oxide: comparison of forced oscillation technique with spirometry","volume":"10","author":"Pasker","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"1-3","key":"2024070813404815600_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(02)00617-4","article-title":"Accumulation of urinary 2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (TTCA) among workers occupationally exposed to carbon disulfide for 1 week","volume":"308","author":"Shih","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024070813404815600_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/21.4.745","article-title":"Epidemiological study of the cardiovascular effects of carbon disulphide","volume":"21","author":"Vanhoorne","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024070813404815600_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.159.1.9803026","article-title":"Influence of shift work and host factors on endotoxin-related acute peak flow changes","volume":"159","author":"Zock","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"}],"container-title":["Annals of Work Exposures and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annweh\/article-pdf\/68\/6\/647\/58469627\/wxae033.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annweh\/article-pdf\/68\/6\/647\/58469627\/wxae033.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T13:44:01Z","timestamp":1720446241000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annweh\/article\/68\/6\/647\/7665409"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/annweh\/wxae033","relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-7308","2398-7316"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-7308","type":"print"},{"value":"2398-7316","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]]}}}