{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T22:17:15Z","timestamp":1781907435901,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]],"date-time":"2024-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/doc\/open-government-licence\/version\/3\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Partnership for Research in Occupational, Transport and Environmental COVID Transmission"},{"name":"COVID-19 National Core Study on Transmission and Environment"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) workplace outbreak is a risk to the health of workers and business continuity. To minimise this risk, companies have implemented risk management measures (RMMs) designed to mitigate SARS-CoV-2 transmission within the workforce. The objective of this work was to gather insights into the application of RMMs in non-healthcare workplaces and to improve understanding of the practical barriers to their implementation.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Data were collected using a pre-designed framework from 12 volunteer workplaces through discussions with staff responsible for site safety and during site visits to observe the RMMs and work processes. To evaluate ventilation effectiveness, measurements for carbon dioxide (CO2) were taken during the site visit and logged over an extended period in selected occupied areas.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>RMMs that were implemented well included working at home for office and other non-production staff, provision, and use of face coverings, provision for hand hygiene, and as methods became commonly available, carrying out testing for infected people. However, maintaining adequate physical distancing in many production areas proved difficult because established factory layouts cannot be easily changed and there is often a need for workers to be close to each other to communicate. A major shortcoming identified was the understanding and application of measures to improve workplace ventilation. Rapidly installing and\/or upgrading mechanical ventilation systems during a pandemic may not be practical and ideally should be considered in building design. Measuring CO2 in occupied workspaces proved to be a useful tool for identifying areas with potentially inadequate ventilation.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Preventing workplace attendance by identifying infected individuals is challenging, making effective RMMs crucial to mitigating virus transmission. The effectiveness of individual RMMs can be uncertain; therefore, it is necessary to adopt multilayered RMMs. Successful implementation relies on measures that are specific to individual workplaces, identified by accurate risk assessment, regularly reviewed for effectiveness, and worker compliance. Establishing suitable risk mitigation policies and providing staff supervision are vital to ensure the sustained and effective implementation of RMMs. For RMMs that require technical understanding, such as workplace ventilation systems, specialist support may be necessary to ensure effective implementation.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxae070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]],"date-time":"2024-08-13T11:07:22Z","timestamp":1723547242000},"page":"982-991","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Managing SARS-CoV-2 transmission risk in workplace COVID-19 outbreaks"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Vince","family":"Sandys","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Science Division, Health and Safety Executive , Buxton, SK17 9JN ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Simpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science Division, Health and Safety Executive , Buxton, SK17 9JN ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Keen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science Division, Health and Safety Executive , Buxton, SK17 9JN ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4218-084X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiqun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science Division, Health and Safety Executive , Buxton, SK17 9JN ,","place":["United 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COVID-19 outbreak in a large meat-processing plant in England: transmission risk factors and controls","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Publ Health"},{"key":"2024112505504990300_CIT0007","author":"CIBSE","year":"2021"},{"key":"2024112505504990300_CIT0008","author":"Clayson","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024112505504990300_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e97","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab933","article-title":"The Removal of Airborne Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and other microbial bioaerosols by air filtration on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) surge units","volume":"75","author":"Conway Morris","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8328","key":"2024112505504990300_CIT0010","first-page":"e066871","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 antigen lateral flow tests for detecting infectious people: linked data analysis","volume":"376","author":"Deeks","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ (Clin Res ed.)"},{"issue":"8343","key":"2024112505504990300_CIT0011","first-page":"e068743","article-title":"Long distance airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2: rapid systematic review","volume":"377","author":"Duval","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ (Clin Res. ed.)"},{"key":"2024112505504990300_CIT0012","volume-title":"Building ventilation: theory and measurement","author":"Etheridge","year":"1996"},{"key":"2024112505504990300_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxae038","article-title":"A SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in a public order and safety training facility in England, June 2021","author":"Gilham","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Work Expo Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024112505504990300_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-16025-8","article-title":"A SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in a plastics manufacturing 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