{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T13:01:12Z","timestamp":1784293272288,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Intramural Research Program of the Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics"},{"name":"Gravitation program of the Dutch Ministry of Education"},{"name":"Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a carcinogen that has been causally linked to kidney cancer and possibly other cancer sites including the liver and lymphatic system. Its use in China has increased since the early 1990s due to the growing metal and electronic industries. We aimed to summarize the major sources of occupational exposure to TCE over time in China.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Occupational TCE exposure assessments were extracted from both the Chinese and English scientific literature, as well as from industrial hygiene surveys performed in Guangdong, Tianjin, and Hong Kong. Weighted mean concentrations were summarized by occupation and industry.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We extracted over 12,412 measurements from 55 industries and 35 occupations across China since 1976, of which at least 201 were from case reports. More than half of the measurements were derived from 4 industries, including \u201cmanufacture of footwear\u201d (29%), \u201cmanufacture of electronic components and boards\u201d (17%), \u201cmanufacture of games and toys\u201d (14%), and \u201cmanufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment\u201d (13%). Several occupations, including \u201celectronic-equipment assemblers,\u201d \u201cmetal-, rubber-, and plastic-products assemblers,\u201d \u201cmetal finishing-, plating-, and coating-machine operators,\u201d \u201cprecision-instrument makers and repairers,\u201d \u201cprinting-machine operators,\u201d and \u201core and metal furnace operators\u201d were identified as having high risks of TCE exposure, with either pooled weighted mean task-based or full-shift concentrations over 150 mg\/m3 over the years. TCE exposure levels varied across different occupations and changed over time. In 1990 and earlier, 1991 to 2000, the exposure levels were at their highest with pooled weighted mean task-based concentrations of 202.8 and 242.9 mg\/m3, respectively. Subsequently, the level decreased to 118.7 mg\/m3 from 2001 to 2010 before increasing again to 216.0 mg\/m3 from 2011 onwards. This overall trend was also observed for \u201celectronic-equipment assemblers\u201d and \u201cmetal finishing-, plating-, and coating-machine operators.\u201d However, for \u201cprecision-instrument makers and repairers,\u201d the exposure levels consistently declined over the years.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Over the past few decades, degreasing-related occupations, such as \u201celectronic-equipment assemblers\u201d and \u201cmetal finishing-, plating-, and coating-machine operators\u201d have been consistently identified as being at high risk of significant TCE exposure and continued to warrant attention. Identifying high-risk industries and occupations can inform the development of targeted interventions and regulations to mitigate TCE exposure. Furthermore, enhancing the quality and coverage of exposure measurement data in occupational settings will advance epidemiological investigations in occupational health.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxae103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T12:25:32Z","timestamp":1737721532000},"page":"251-260","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Overview of historical occupational exposure to trichloroethylene in China"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"69","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9393-482X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jia","family":"Nie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University , Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Calvin B","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research TNO , Princetonlaan 6, 3584 CB Utrecht ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathaniel","family":"Rothman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute , 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute , 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4082-8163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roel","family":"Vermeulen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University , Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute , 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5662-1971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University , Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025031706295716400_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1080\/15459620701301763","article-title":"Uses of and exposure to trichloroethylene in U.S. industry: a systematic literature review","volume":"4","author":"Bakke","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Hyg J"},{"key":"2025031706295716400_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1093\/annhyg\/meu066","article-title":"Historical occupational trichloroethylene air concentrations based on inspection measurements from Shanghai, China","volume":"59","author":"Friesen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Occup Hyg"},{"key":"2025031706295716400_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-006-0147-y","article-title":"Occupational trichloroethylene exposure as a cause of idiosyncratic generalized skin disorders and accompanying hepatitis similar to drug hypersensitivities","volume":"80","author":"Kamijima","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Health"},{"key":"2025031706295716400_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgq121","article-title":"Occupational exposure to trichloroethylene is associated with a decline in lymphocyte subsets and soluble CD27 and CD30 markers","volume":"31","author":"Lan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"2025031706295716400_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10325","article-title":"HLA-B*1301 as a biomarker for genetic susceptibility to hypersensitivity dermatitis induced by trichloroethylene among workers in China","volume":"115","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2025031706295716400_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2037530","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.37530","article-title":"Association of 13 occupational carcinogens in patients with cancer, individually and collectively, 1990-2017","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw OPEN"},{"key":"2025031706295716400_CIT0007","first-page":"42","article-title":"Production and consumption status of trichloroethylene and its prospective market [in Chinese]","volume":"41","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Guangzhou Chem Ind Chin"},{"key":"2025031706295716400_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1080\/15459620903249646","article-title":"Benzene exposure in industries using or manufacturing paint in China--a literature review, 1956-2005","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Hyg"},{"key":"2025031706295716400_CIT0017","volume-title":"International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO)","author":"International Labour Organization","year":"2010"},{"key":"2025031706295716400_CIT0011","first-page":"1","article-title":"Trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, and some other chlorinated AGENTS","volume":"106","author":"IRAC","year":"2014","journal-title":"IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum"},{"key":"2025031706295716400_CIT0016","volume-title":"OSHA Occupational Chemical Database - TRICHLOROETHYLENE","author":"Occupational Safety and Health Administration","year":"2021"},{"key":"2025031706295716400_CIT0012","volume-title":"International Standard industrial classification of all economic activities (ISIC)Rev. 4","author":"United Nations, editor","year":"2008"},{"key":"2025031706295716400_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/s0273-2300(03)00078-3","article-title":"Regulation of occupational exposures in China","volume":"38","author":"Wong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Regul Toxicol 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