{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T17:13:38Z","timestamp":1793121218556,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Royal Thai Government Scholarship"},{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>With continued global warming, the effects of elevated temperatures on the health of agricultural workers are a particular concern. This study characterized the levels of heat stress in Thai sugarcane workers and investigated whether season and harvesting method were associated with it.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Three hundred sugarcane workers in Nakhon Sawan Province, Thailand, were recruited, and information on demographics, working conditions, and clothing characteristics was collected from participants during the cooler months (n = 152 participants, mid-January to mid-February) and hotter month (n = 148, March). Heat stress was measured using the Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) index, and the WBGT instruments were operated for a full work shift in the sugarcane fields where the participants worked. One-hour time weighted average (TWA) effective WBGT (WBGTeff-1hrTWA) estimates were determined for different times of the day based on the measured WBGT and clothing adjustment factor.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The average WBGTeff-1hrTWA in the cooler months ranged from 22.5 \u00b0C during the early morning to 31.3 \u00b0C during the hottest time of the day, and for the hotter month, it ranged from 25.4 \u00b0C to 33.9 \u00b0C, respectively. The measured WBGT, natural wet-bulb temperature (Tnwb), dry-bulb temperature (Tdb), globe temperature (Tg), air velocity (Av), and absolute water vapor pressure (ea) were all statistically significantly higher in the hotter month than in the cooler months. Harvesting during the hotter month and harvesting burnt sugarcane were significantly associated with increased effective WBGT. The harvesters\u2019 heat stress in both seasons exceeded the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists - Threshold limit value for 72.7% of the working time in the cooler months and 90.9% in the hotter month.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The heat stress in Thai sugarcane workers was high in both seasons, particularly in the hotter month and when harvesting burnt sugarcane. This results in a very high risk of developing heat-related health effects, and measures are needed to reduce heat stress. Heat stress in agricultural and other outdoor work in tropical climates is an immediate and growing problem.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxaf002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T20:12:57Z","timestamp":1738613577000},"page":"401-414","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["High levels of heat stress among sugarcane workers in Thailand"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"69","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0937-3802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tadpong","family":"Tantipanjaporn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester , Ellen Wilkinson Building (Block C), Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Division of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Naresuan University , 99 Moo 9, Thapo Sub-district, Muang District, Phitsanulok City, 65000 ,","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Povey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester , Ellen Wilkinson Building (Block C), Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holly A","family":"Shiels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester , Core Technology Facility, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester, M13 9NT ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1205-1898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martie","family":"van Tongeren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester , Ellen Wilkinson Building (Block C), Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025042323211884600_CIT0001","article-title":"2022 threshold limit values (TLVS) and biological exposure indices (BEIS)","author":"American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists","year":"2022"},{"key":"2025042323211884600_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6363","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17176363","article-title":"Heat stress, physiological response, and heat-related symptoms among Thai sugarcane workers","volume":"17","author":"Boonruksa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2025042323211884600_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2014.11.281","article-title":"What does the WBGT index tell us: is it a useful index of environmental heat stress","volume":"18","author":"Brotherhood","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"key":"2025042323211884600_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e29327","article-title":"Reframing the wicked problem of pre-harvest burning: a case study of Thailand\u2019s sugarcane","volume":"10","author":"Chaya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"2025042323211884600_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A51","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2011-100382.166","article-title":"Risk of heat stress conditions for sugarcane harvesters in Costa Rica","volume":"68","author":"Crowe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2025042323211884600_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22204","article-title":"Heat exposure in sugarcane harvesters in Costa Rica","volume":"56","author":"Crowe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"key":"2025042323211884600_CIT0007","volume-title":"Estimation of thermal insulation and water vapour resistance of a clothing ensemble","author":"ISO 9920:2009 Ergonomics of the Thermal Environment","year":"2009"},{"key":"2025042323211884600_CIT0008","volume-title":"ISO 7243:2017 ergonomics of the thermal environment\u2014assessment of heat stress using the wbgt (wet bulb globe temperature) index","year":"2017"},{"key":"2025042323211884600_CIT0009","volume-title":"ISO 7933:2023 ergonomics of the thermal environment\u2014analytical determination and interpretation of heat stress using calculation of the predicted heat strain","year":"2023"},{"key":"2025042323211884600_CIT0010","volume-title":"Working on a warmer planet: the effect of heat stress on productivity and decent work","author":"Kjellstr\u00f6m","year":"2019"},{"key":"2025042323211884600_CIT0011","first-page":"680","article-title":"Effects of climate change and heat exposure among agricultural and industrial workers in Thailand (in Thai)","volume":"26","author":"Langkulsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thai Sci Technol J"},{"key":"2025042323211884600_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25283","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v7.25283","article-title":"Occupational heat stress and associated productivity loss estimation using the PHS model (ISO 7933): a case study from workplaces in Chennai, India","volume":"7","author":"Lundgren","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob Health Action"},{"key":"2025042323211884600_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2020.104903","article-title":"Effects of burned and unburned sugarcane harvesting systems on soil CO2 emission and soil physical, chemical, and microbiological attributes","volume":"196","author":"Moitinho","year":"2021","journal-title":"CATENA"},{"key":"2025042323211884600_CIT0014","volume-title":"Forecasted production volume","author":"National Statistical Office","year":"2023"},{"key":"2025042323211884600_CIT0015","volume-title":"Vapor pressure calculator","author":"National Weather Service","year":"2024"},{"key":"2025042323211884600_CIT0016","volume-title":"Heat stress","author":"Occupational Safety and Health Administration","year":"2009"},{"key":"2025042323211884600_CIT0017","volume-title":"Osha technical manual (OTM) section iii: Chapter 4: Heat stress","author":"Occupational Safety and Health Administration","year":"2017"},{"key":"2025042323211884600_CIT0018","volume-title":"Heat","author":"Occupational Safety and Health Administration","year":"2022"},{"key":"2025042323211884600_CIT0019","volume-title":"A situation of sugarcane growing in Thailand in 2021\/22 report [in Thai]","year":"2022"},{"key":"2025042323211884600_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.07.178","article-title":"An assessment of harvesting practices of sugarcane in the central region of Thailand","volume":"142","author":"Pongpat","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"key":"2025042323211884600_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1080\/10807039.2020.1812049","article-title":"Cross-shift change of acute kidney injury biomarkers in sugarcane farmers and cutters","volume":"27","author":"Pundee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum Ecol Risk Assess"},{"key":"2025042323211884600_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2021.108505","article-title":"An improved method to estimate actual vapor pressure without relative humidity data","volume":"307","author":"Qiu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agric For Meteorol"},{"key":"2025042323211884600_CIT0023","first-page":"9","article-title":"The impact of heat on health and productivity among sugarcane workers in Kampong Cham, Cambodia","volume":"3","author":"Radir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asia Pac Environ Occup Health J"},{"key":"2025042323211884600_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9896410","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9896410","article-title":"The impact of heat on health and productivity among maize farmers in a tropical climate area","volume":"2019","author":"Sadiq","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Environ Public Health"},{"key":"2025042323211884600_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0164498","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164498","article-title":"A case-crossover study of heat exposure and injury risk in outdoor agricultural workers","volume":"11","author":"Spector","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025042323211884600_CIT0026","volume-title":"Agriculture in Thailand - statistics & facts","author":"Statistic Research Department","year":"2023"},{"key":"2025042323211884600_CIT0027","volume-title":"Kan kadmai laksana akas chuang ruedu ron kong pratathai 2566 [forecast of summer weather characteristics in thailand 2023]","author":"Thai Meteorological Department","year":"2023"},{"key":"2025042323211884600_CIT0028","volume-title":"Sarup laksana akas ray pi\u0302 [yearly summary of weather conditions in Thailand]","author":"Thai Meteorological Department","year":"2023"},{"key":"2025042323211884600_CIT0029","volume-title":"Management and reduction of burning practice in agricultural areas and policy recommendations to tackle pm2.5 in Thailand","author":"Thailand Environment Institute Foundation","year":"2022"},{"key":"2025042323211884600_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.59096\/osir.v8i3.263275","article-title":"Situation of heat-related illness in Thailand, and the proposing of heat warning system","volume":"8","author":"Thawillarp","year":"2015","journal-title":"OSIR"},{"key":"2025042323211884600_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13010089","article-title":"Occupational heat stress profiles in selected workplaces in India","volume":"13","author":"Venugopal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2025042323211884600_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2102","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17062102","article-title":"An occupational heat stress and hydration assessment of agricultural workers in North Mexico","volume":"17","author":"Wagoner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2025042323211884600_CIT0033","volume-title":"Managing heat in agricultural work-increasing worker safety and productivity by controlling heat exposure","author":"Wasterlund","year":"2018"},{"key":"2025042323211884600_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.107043","article-title":"Indicators for evaluating trends of air humidification in arid regions under circumstance of climate change: relative humidity (rh) vs. actual water vapour pressure (ea)","volume":"121","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol Indic"},{"key":"2025042323211884600_CIT0035","first-page":"186","article-title":"The correlation between productivity and heat exposure of sugarcane farmers in Nong Bua Daeng district, Chaiyaphum province","volume":"22","author":"Wichatorn","year":"2022","journal-title":"KKU Res J (GS)"},{"key":"2025042323211884600_CIT0036","volume-title":"Tropical countries 2024","author":"World Population Review","year":"2024"}],"container-title":["Annals of Work Exposures and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annweh\/article-pdf\/69\/4\/401\/61743003\/wxaf002.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annweh\/article-pdf\/69\/4\/401\/61743003\/wxaf002.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T03:21:32Z","timestamp":1745464892000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annweh\/article\/69\/4\/401\/7997564"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/annweh\/wxaf002","relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-7308","2398-7316"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-7308","type":"print"},{"value":"2398-7316","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]]}}}