{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T09:35:24Z","timestamp":1785836124516,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,24]],"date-time":"2025-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Occupational Health in Norway","award":["2021\/00056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/00056"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Wastewater is a known carrier for human pathogenic viruses, with seasonal variations in concentrations, and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) workers are a potentially overlooked occupational group regarding exposure to secondary aerosolized viruses. Exposure assessment of airborne pathogens is complicated by a lack of universal markers of viruses, no standardized sampling protocol, and challenges in detecting extremely low-abundant targets. In this study, we evaluate the risk of workers\u2019 exposure to 4 pathogens, Adenovirus, Norovirus GI and GII, and Influenza A and the Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) as an indicator for aerosolized viruses from wastewater, in 3 WWTPs in the Oslo region, Norway. We collected personal and stationary air samples in summer and winter and used digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) to enable the detection of low-abundant targets. Pathogenic viruses were detected in 22% of all samples, with similar detection rates in personal and stationary samples, with a maximum concentration of 762 genome copies\/m3 air. PMMoV was detected in 69% of all samples, with concentrations ranging from 28 to 9703 genome copies\/m3 air. The pathogens and PMMoV were most frequently detected at the grids, biological cleansing, sedimentation basins, and sludge treatment\/de-watering stations, and were associated with tasks such as flushing, cleaning, and maintenance of the same workstations. Overall, the concentration of pathogens and PMMoV in the air was low, but there is a potential for high point exposure which may pose a risk to workers\u2019 health and is increased by the nature of the workers\u2019 tasks. PMMoV may be a promising tool for assessing the overall potential for viruses with human waste origin aerosolized from sewage. To strengthen this indicator-based approach to occupational exposure assessment, we recommend validating PMMoV along with other potential indicators. Validation should include evaluating the correlation between these indicators and pathogens in both wastewater and bioaerosols.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxaf020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T11:29:28Z","timestamp":1744198168000},"page":"495-509","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Pepper mild mottle virus as a potential indicator of occupational exposure to airborne viruses in wastewater treatment plants"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"69","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4702-6884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Jacobsen","family":"Lauv\u00e5s","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Toxicology, National Institute of Occupational Health , Gydas vei 8, Majorstuen 0363, Oslo ,","place":["Norway"]},{"name":"Virology unit, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences , Elizabeth Stephansens v. 15, 1433 \u00c5s ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4928-617X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P\u00e5l","family":"Graff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Work Environment, National Institute of Occupational Health , Gydas vei 8, Majorstuen 0363, Oslo ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6140-7312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anani K","family":"Afanou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Toxicology, National Institute of Occupational Health , Gydas vei 8, Majorstuen 0363, Oslo 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