{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T03:25:24Z","timestamp":1793935524347,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Intramural Research Program of the Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"NCI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture, and Science and the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research","award":["024.004.017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["024.004.017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Formaldehyde is a known human carcinogen related to leukemia and nasopharyngeal cancer. As China is the world\u2019s largest producer and consumer of formaldehyde, occupational exposure to formaldehyde may pose potential health risks to workers. We aimed to describe occupational exposure to formaldehyde over time in China.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Occupational formaldehyde exposure measurements were extracted from Chinese and English scientific publications as well as routine occupational hazard monitoring datasets. A weighted mean concentration was calculated by occupation and industry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We extracted over 20,447 individual measurements from 73 industries and 70 occupations during 1979 to 2023 across China. The majority of measurements (19%) were from the industry \u201cManufacture of veneer sheets and wood-based panels,\u201d with a pooled mean task-based concentration of 0.69 (0.02 to 4.98) mg\/m3. Among occupations with over 200 individual measurements and a pooled weighted mean concentration of 0.5 mg\/m3 or higher, \u201cMetal moulders and coremakers\u201d has the highest task-based concentration, at 1.40 (0.04 to 1.99) mg\/m3. Formaldehyde exposure levels varied across occupations and changed over time. Before 1990, the overall pooled mean (range) task-based concentration was 1.60 (0.15 to 6.14) mg\/m3, decreasing to 0.41 (0.00 to 12.0) mg\/m3 from 2011 onward.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Occupational formaldehyde exposure in China has shown a declining trend over the past decades but remains high in certain occupations. Identifying high-risk industries and occupations can inform the development of targeted interventions and regulations to mitigate formaldehyde exposure. Furthermore, the presented exposure data can contribute to better exposure assessment in epidemiological investigations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxaf037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T07:49:29Z","timestamp":1749714569000},"page":"808-819","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Overview of historical formaldehyde occupational exposure in China"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"69","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9393-482X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jia","family":"Nie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University , Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Calvin B","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research TNO , Princetonlaan 6, 3584 CB Utrecht ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathaniel","family":"Rothman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute , 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute , 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute , 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roel","family":"Vermeulen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University , Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5662-1971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University , Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025102403364601500_CIT0001","author":"ACGIH","year":"2016"},{"key":"2025102403364601500_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12949","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12949","article-title":"Occupational scenarios and exposure assessment to formaldehyde: a systematic review","volume":"32","author":"Cammalleri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"2025102403364601500_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/s1470-2045(04)01562-1","article-title":"Advice on formaldehyde and glycol ethers","volume":"5","author":"Cogliano","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"2025102403364601500_CIT0004","first-page":"19","article-title":"Production, consumption and market analysis of formaldehyde at home and abroad [in Chinese]","volume":"21","author":"Cui","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chemical Techno-Economics"},{"key":"2025102403364601500_CIT0005","volume-title":"Formaldehyde, 2-Butoxyethanol and 1-tert-Butoxypropan-2-ol","author":"IARC","year":"2006"},{"key":"2025102403364601500_CIT0006","first-page":"9","article-title":"Chemical agents and related occupations","volume":"100","author":"IARC","year":"2012","journal-title":"IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum."},{"key":"2025102403364601500_CIT0007","author":"International Labour Organization","year":"2024"},{"key":"2025102403364601500_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1093\/annhyg\/meu061","article-title":"Evaluating temporal trends from occupational lead exposure data reported in the published literature using meta-regression","volume":"58","author":"Koh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Occup Hyg."},{"key":"2025102403364601500_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22448","article-title":"Lead exposure in US worksites: a literature review and development of an occupational lead exposure database from the published literature","volume":"58","author":"Koh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med."},{"key":"2025102403364601500_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/s0273-2300(03)00077-1","article-title":"New trends in the development of occupational exposure limits for airborne chemicals in China","volume":"38","author":"Liang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Regul Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2025102403364601500_CIT0011","author":"National Health Commission of the People\u2019s Republic of China","year":"2024","journal-title":"Specification for Occupational Health Technical Service (GBZ 331-2024)"},{"key":"2025102403364601500_CIT0012","author":"NIOSH","year":"2014"},{"key":"2025102403364601500_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2009.06.002","article-title":"Formaldehyde in China: production, consumption, exposure levels, and health effects","volume":"35","author":"Tang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ Int."},{"key":"2025102403364601500_CIT0014","first-page":"19","article-title":"The development status and trend of formaldehyde industry in China [in Chinese]","volume":"36","author":"Tian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemical Industry"},{"key":"2025102403364601500_CIT0015","volume-title":"International Standard industrial classification of all economic activities (ISIC)Rev. 4","author":"United Nations","year":"2008"},{"key":"2025102403364601500_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/s0273-2300(03)00078-3","article-title":"Regulation of occupational exposures in China","volume":"38","author":"Wong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Regul Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2025102403364601500_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-09-0762","article-title":"Occupational exposure to formaldehyde, hematotoxicity, and leukemia-specific chromosome changes in cultured myeloid progenitor cells","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev."}],"container-title":["Annals of Work Exposures and 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