{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T15:52:26Z","timestamp":1772725946253,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020530","name":"Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024-OSHRI-533"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-OSHRI-533"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019908","name":"Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019908","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Korean CARcinogen EXposure (K-CAREX) project previously assessed occupational exposure to 20 International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Group 1 carcinogens in 2010. This study updated K-CAREX to reflect exposure data from 2020.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We selected 20 IARC Group 1 carcinogens for this update. Reference exposure prevalence estimates were calculated using 3 nationwide occupational databases: the Work Environment Measurement Database (WEMD), the Special Health Examination Database (SHED), and the Work Environment Condition Survey (WECS). Among 37 industrial hygienists from the previous study, 26 participated again, providing exposure estimates after reviewing reference estimates from the 3 data sources. The median of their estimates was used as the final exposure prevalence. The number of exposed workers was calculated by multiplying the final exposure prevalence by the 2020 national census data for each carcinogen and industry. Exposure intensity ratings were also estimated using the WEMD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exposure prevalence and the number of exposed workers were estimated for 20 carcinogens across 232 industries. For example, in the \u201cmanufacture of basic chemicals\u201d industry, benzene exposure prevalence was estimated at 9%, with 3,833 workers exposed and an exposure intensity rating of 2. The largest exposed population was to welding fumes (266,965 workers), followed by crystalline silica (246,807 workers), nickel (191,258 workers), and mineral oil mist (179,305 workers).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This updated data offers valuable insights into occupational carcinogen exposure, supporting cancer prevention efforts and future epidemiological studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxaf079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T17:02:15Z","timestamp":1762880535000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development of Korean CARcinogen EXposure: 2020 update on IARC group 1 carcinogens"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2868-4411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong-Hee","family":"Koh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University , 50-1, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722 ,","place":["Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8787-7216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sangjun","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Public Health and Healthcare Management, The Catholic University of Korea , 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591 ,","place":["Korea"]},{"name":"Catholic Institute for Public Health and Healthcare Management , 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591 ,","place":["Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ju-Hyun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, Dongguk University , 30 Phildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620 ,","place":["Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sang-Gil","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Gospel Hospital, Kosin University , 145, Gudeok-ro, Seo-gu, Busan 49292 ,","place":["Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hwan-Cheol","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Inha University Hospital , 27, Inhang-Ro, Jung-gu, Incheon 22332 ,","place":["Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Inah","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University , 222, Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763 ,","place":["Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeehee","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Hanyang University Hospital , 222-1, Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763 ,","place":["Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yujin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Gospel Hospital, Kosin University , 145, Gudeok-ro, Seo-gu, Busan 49292 ,","place":["Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jihye","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Gospel Hospital, Kosin University , 145, Gudeok-ro, Seo-gu, Busan 49292 ,","place":["Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dong-Uk","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Korea National Open University , 86, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03087 ,","place":["Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026030509514236900_wxaf079-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(09)70358-4","article-title":"A review of human carcinogens\u2013Part F: chemical agents and related occupations","volume":"10","author":"Baan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"2026030509514236900_wxaf079-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(12)70280-2","article-title":"Carcinogenicity of diesel-engine and gasoline-engine exhausts and some nitroarenes","volume":"13","author":"Benbrahim-Tallaa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"2026030509514236900_wxaf079-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(14)70316-X","article-title":"Carcinogenicity of perfluorooctanoic acid, tetrafluoroethylene, dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloropropane, and 1,3-propane sultone","volume":"15","author":"Benbrahim-Tallaa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"2026030509514236900_wxaf079-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1080\/10937404.2019.1643539","article-title":"Overview of biological mechanisms of human carcinogens","volume":"22","author":"Birkett","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Toxicol Environ Health, Part B"},{"key":"2026030509514236900_wxaf079-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2016.09.002","article-title":"Developing asbestos job exposure matrix using occupation and industry specific exposure data (1984\u20132008) in Republic of Korea","volume":"8","author":"Choi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Saf Health Work"},{"key":"2026030509514236900_wxaf079-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(22)00390-4","article-title":"Carcinogenicity of occupational exposure as a firefighter","volume":"23","author":"Demers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"2026030509514236900_wxaf079-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-021-00331-7","article-title":"Simultaneous modeling of detection rate and exposure concentration using semi-continuous models to identify exposure determinants when left-censored data may be a true zero","volume":"31","author":"Friesen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026030509514236900_wxaf079-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2019-106012","article-title":"Global and regional burden of cancer in 2016 arising from occupational exposure to selected carcinogens: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"77","author":"GBD 2016 Occupational Carcinogens Collaborators","year":"2020","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2026030509514236900_wxaf079-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262012522.001.0001","volume-title":"Chemicals without harm-policies for a sustainable","author":"Geiser","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026030509514236900_wxaf079-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(14)71109-X","article-title":"Carcinogenicity of fluoro-edenite, silicon carbide fibres and whiskers, and carbon nanotubes","volume":"15","author":"Grosse","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"2026030509514236900_wxaf079-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(12)70485-0","article-title":"Carcinogenicity of trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, some other chlorinated solvents, and their metabolites","volume":"13","author":"Guha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"2026030509514236900_wxaf079-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30255-3","article-title":"Carcinogenicity of welding, molybdenum trioxide, and indium tin oxide","volume":"18","author":"Guha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"2026030509514236900_wxaf079-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(16)30513-7","article-title":"Carcinogenicity of pentachlorophenol and some related compounds","volume":"17","author":"Guyton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"2026030509514236900_wxaf079-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2010.08.006","article-title":"Extensive changes to occupational exposure limits in Korea","volume":"58","author":"Jeong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Regul Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026030509514236900_wxaf079-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.57.1.10","article-title":"Occupational exposure to carcinogens in the European union","volume":"57","author":"Kauppinen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2026030509514236900_wxaf079-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0274(199804)33:4&lt;409::AID-AJIM12&gt;3.0.CO;2-2","article-title":"From cross-tabulations to multipurpose exposure information systems: a new job-exposure matrix","volume":"33","author":"Kauppinen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"key":"2026030509514236900_wxaf079-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1093\/annhyg\/met074","article-title":"Use of the Finnish information system on occupational exposure (FINJEM) in epidemiologic, surveillance, and other applications","volume":"58","author":"Kauppinen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Occup Hyg"},{"key":"2026030509514236900_wxaf079-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxae006","article-title":"Development of Korean CARcinogen EXposure: occupation-based exposure matrix","volume":"68","author":"Koh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Work Expo Health"},{"key":"2026030509514236900_wxaf079-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2025.05.007","article-title":"Development of Korean CARcinogen EXposure: IARC group 2A carcinogens","volume":"16","author":"Koh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Saf Health Work"},{"key":"2026030509514236900_wxaf079-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e271","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2023.38.e271","article-title":"Evaluation of temporal trends of lead exposure in Korean workers using workplace monitoring data","volume":"38","author":"Koh","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"2026030509514236900_wxaf079-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxaa135","article-title":"Development of Korean CARcinogen EXposure: an initiative of the occupational carcinogen surveillance system in Korea","volume":"65","author":"Koh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Work Expo Health"},{"key":"2026030509514236900_wxaf079-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxx072","article-title":"Combining lead exposure measurements and experts\u2019 judgment through a Bayesian framework","volume":"61","author":"Koh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Work Expo Health"},{"key":"2026030509514236900_wxaf079-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxx106","article-title":"Estimation of lead exposure prevalence in Korean population through combining multiple experts\u2019 judgment based on objective data sources","volume":"62","author":"Koh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Work Expo Health"},{"key":"2026030509514236900_wxaf079-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.07.008","article-title":"Estimation of lead exposure intensity by industry using nationwide exposure databases in Korea","volume":"12","author":"Koh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saf Health Work"},{"key":"2026030509514236900_wxaf079-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2022.05.003","article-title":"Development of Korean CARcinogen EXposure: assessment of the exposure intensity of carcinogens by industry","volume":"13","author":"Koh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Saf Health Work"},{"key":"2026030509514236900_wxaf079-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(13)70104-9","article-title":"Carcinogenicity of polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated biphenyls","volume":"14","author":"Lauby-Secretan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"2026030509514236900_wxaf079-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxaa086","article-title":"Evidence of absence: bayesian way to reveal true zeros among occupational exposures","volume":"65","author":"Lavoue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Work Expo Health"},{"key":"2026030509514236900_wxaf079-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(13)70487-X","article-title":"The carcinogenicity of outdoor air pollution","volume":"14","author":"Loomis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"2026030509514236900_wxaf079-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(15)00081-9","article-title":"Carcinogenicity of lindane, DDT, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid","volume":"16","author":"Loomis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"2026030509514236900_wxaf079-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2007.06.017","article-title":"Differences in the lethality of occupational accidents in OECD countries","volume":"46","author":"Nishikitani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Saf Sci"},{"key":"2026030509514236900_wxaf079-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2015.07.007","article-title":"Estimating benzene exposure level over time and by industry type through a review of literature on Korea","volume":"6","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Saf Health Work"},{"key":"2026030509514236900_wxaf079-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1179\/oeh.2008.14.1.18","article-title":"Trends in occupational asbestos exposure and asbestos consumption over recent decades in Korea","volume":"14","author":"Park","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Occup Environ Health"},{"key":"2026030509514236900_wxaf079-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2022.09.001","article-title":"A pilot establishment of the job-exposure matrix (JEM) of lead using the standard process code of nationwide exposure databases in Korea","volume":"13","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Saf Health Work"},{"key":"2026030509514236900_wxaf079-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2014-102286","article-title":"CAREX Canada: an enhanced model for assessing occupational carcinogen exposure","volume":"72","author":"Peters","year":"2015","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2026030509514236900_wxaf079-B35","first-page":"S41","article-title":"Overall view of occupational health services in Korea","volume":"12","author":"Roh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Public Health"},{"key":"2026030509514236900_wxaf079-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2012.112","article-title":"Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain","volume":"107","author":"Rushton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"2026030509514236900_wxaf079-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(24)00384-X","article-title":"Carcinogenicity of talc and acrylonitrile","volume":"25","author":"Stayner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"2026030509514236900_wxaf079-B38","volume-title":"World development indicators\u2014manufacturing, value added (current US$).","author":"World Bank","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026030509514236900_wxaf079-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(23)00622-8","article-title":"Carcinogenicity of perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid","volume":"25","author":"Zahm","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"}],"container-title":["Annals of Work Exposures and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annweh\/article-pdf\/70\/2\/wxaf079\/65271583\/wxaf079.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annweh\/article-pdf\/70\/2\/wxaf079\/65271583\/wxaf079.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T14:52:07Z","timestamp":1772722327000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annweh\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/annweh\/wxaf079\/8321178"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/annweh\/wxaf079","relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-7308","2398-7316"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-7308","type":"print"},{"value":"2398-7316","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"article-number":"wxaf079"}}