{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T17:28:30Z","timestamp":1774546110886,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011541","name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZIA CP010125-27"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZIA CP010125-27"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011541","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We modified an existing job-exposure matrix (CANJEM) to estimate the combined exposure to benzene, toluene, and xylene, which are highly correlated (hereafter, BTX), and integrated subject-specific occupational information to assess BTX exposure for participants in a bladder cancer case-control study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We linked CANJEM to the lifetime occupational histories of subjects in a population-based case-control study of bladder cancer. We derived CANJEM-based estimates of the probability, intensity, and frequency of BTX exposure by assigning the highest rating observed among the benzene, toluene, and xylene CANJEM metrics. We used subject-specific exposure information in the occupational histories and exposure-oriented modules to refine the CANJEM-based BTX metrics when confirmatory exposure information was identified (hereafter, hybrid BTX metrics). We compared agreement between the CANJEM-based and hybrid BTX metrics at the job- and subject-level using kappa for the ordinal probability metrics and Spearman correlation for the continuous intensity and cumulative exposure metrics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The hybrid BTX approach increased 7% and decreased 5% of the CANJEM-based BTX probability ratings at the job-level and 16% and 7% at the subject-level, respectively. The CANJEM-based and hybrid BTX metrics identified 3.2% and 6.8% of the job records and 13% and 24% of the subjects as having a high probability of BTX exposure, respectively. The BTX-exposed subjects identified through the hybrid approach generally had lower cumulative exposures than those identified solely using CANJEM. CANJEM-based and hybrid BTX metrics had moderate agreement at the subject-level (probability: kappa = 0.62; cumulative metrics, Spearman correlation = 0.61).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Supplementing a JEM with subject-specific exposure information identified within-job exposure heterogeneity that was not captured by using only a JEM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxag014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T16:35:13Z","timestamp":1774542913000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enhancing a job exposure matrix with subject-specific information to assess combined exposure to benzene, toluene, and xylene in a case-control study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1695-3282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa C","family":"Friesen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , 9609 Medical Center Drive, MSC 9776, Bethesda, MD 20892 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , 9609 Medical Center Drive, MSC 9776, Bethesda, MD 20892 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah J","family":"Locke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , 9609 Medical Center Drive, MSC 9776, Bethesda, MD 20892 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6520-9249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dalsu","family":"Baris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Formerly Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , 9609 Medical Center Drive, MSC 9776, Bethesda, MD 20892 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Molly","family":"Schwenn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Formerly Maine Cancer Registry , 361 Old Belgrade Rd, Augusta, ME 04330-8058 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathaniel","family":"Rothman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , 9609 Medical Center Drive, MSC 9776, Bethesda, MD 20892 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1113-1191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alison","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Formerly Vermont Department of Health , 108 Cherry St, Burlington, VT 05402 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margaret R","family":"Karagas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , 1 Medical Center Drive, Williamson Translational Research Building, 7th Floor, Lebanon, NH 03756 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5294-5485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stella","family":"Koutros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , 9609 Medical Center Drive, MSC 9776, Bethesda, MD 20892 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Debra T","family":"Silverman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , 9609 Medical Center Drive, MSC 9776, Bethesda, MD 20892 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026032612350516700_wxag014-B1","volume-title":"Toxicological profile for gasoline","author":"ATSDR","year":"1995"},{"key":"2026032612350516700_wxag014-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2018-105058","article-title":"Occupational exposure to benzene, toluene, xylene and styrene and risk of prostate cancer in a population-based study","volume":"75","author":"Blanc-Lapierre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2026032612350516700_wxag014-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6190","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17176190","article-title":"Retrospective exposure assessment methods used in occupational human health risk assessment: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Borghi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026032612350516700_wxag014-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2009.052571","article-title":"Occupation and bladder cancer in a population-based case-control study in Northern New England","volume":"68","author":"Colt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2026032612350516700_wxag014-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxz063","article-title":"Estimation of source-specific occupational benzene exposure in a population-based case-control study of non-Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"63","author":"Dopart","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Work Expo Health"},{"key":"2026032612350516700_wxag014-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-017-0153-0","article-title":"New opportunities in exposure assessment of occupational epidemiology: use of measurements to aid exposure reconstruction in population-based studies","volume":"4","author":"Dopart","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Environ Health Rep"},{"key":"2026032612350516700_wxag014-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-9697(85)90062-2","article-title":"An overview of environmental and toxicological aspects of aromatic hydrocarbons. II. Toluene","volume":"42","author":"Fishbein","year":"1985","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2026032612350516700_wxag014-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-9697(85)90039-7","article-title":"An overview of environmental and toxicological aspects of aromatic hydrocarbons. III. Xylene","volume":"43","author":"Fishbein","year":"1985","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2026032612350516700_wxag014-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1093\/annhyg\/meu012","article-title":"Systematically extracting metal- and solvent-related occupational information from free-text responses to lifetime occupational history questionnaires","volume":"58","author":"Friesen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Occup Hyg"},{"key":"2026032612350516700_wxag014-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxy080","article-title":"Use and reliability of exposure assessment methods in occupational case-control studies in the general population: past, present, and future","volume":"62","author":"Ge","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Work Expo Health"},{"key":"2026032612350516700_wxag014-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1097-0274(199808)34:2&lt;144::aid-ajim7&gt;3.0.co;2-x","article-title":"Associations between several sites of cancer and occupational exposure to benzene, toluene, xylene, and styrene: results of a case-control study in Montreal","volume":"34","author":"G\u00e9rin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"key":"2026032612350516700_wxag014-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30593","article-title":"Occupational exposure to solvents and bladder cancer: a population-based case control study in Nordic countries","volume":"140","author":"Hadkhale","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"2026032612350516700_wxag014-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2670(92)85123-n","article-title":"Some organic solvents, resin monomers and related compounds, pigments and occupational exposures in paint manufacture and painting","volume":"47","author":"IARC","year":"1989","journal-title":"IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum"},{"key":"2026032612350516700_wxag014-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1018461406120","article-title":"Organic solvents and cancer","volume":"8","author":"Lynge","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"2026032612350516700_wxag014-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxy044","article-title":"Development of and selected performance characteristics of CANJEM, a general population job-exposure matrix based on past expert assessments of exposure","volume":"62","author":"Sauv\u00e9","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Work Expo Health"},{"key":"2026032612350516700_wxag014-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-019-0451-0","article-title":"A hybrid expert approach for retrospective assessment of occupational exposures in a population-based case-control study of cancer","volume":"18","author":"Sauv\u00e9","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"2026032612350516700_wxag014-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-019-00240-w","article-title":"Using decision rules to assess occupational exposure in population-based studies","volume":"6","author":"Sauv\u00e9","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Environ Health Rep"},{"key":"2026032612350516700_wxag014-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1080\/1047322X.1997.10389448","article-title":"Case studies exposure to benzene-contaminated toluene and bone marrow disorders\u2014a retrospective exposure assessment","volume":"12","author":"Tharr","year":"1997","journal-title":"Appl Occup Environ Hyg"},{"key":"2026032612350516700_wxag014-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(25)00165-2","article-title":"Carcinogenicity of automotive gasoline and some oxygenated gasoline additives","volume":"26","author":"Turner","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"2026032612350516700_wxag014-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1080\/10473220301376","article-title":"Critical literature review of determinants and levels of occupational benzene exposure for United States community-based case-control studies","volume":"18","author":"van Wijngaarden","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl Occup Environ Hyg"},{"key":"2026032612350516700_wxag014-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2017-104987","article-title":"Associations between occupational exposure to benzene, toluene and xylene and risk of lung cancer in Montr\u00e9al","volume":"75","author":"Warden","year":"2018","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2026032612350516700_wxag014-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-024-00651-4","article-title":"Occupational exposure to organic solvents and risk of bladder cancer","volume":"34","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol"}],"container-title":["Annals of Work Exposures and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annweh\/article-pdf\/70\/3\/wxag014\/67554469\/wxag014.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annweh\/article-pdf\/70\/3\/wxag014\/67554469\/wxag014.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T16:35:14Z","timestamp":1774542914000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annweh\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/annweh\/wxag014\/8541947"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/annweh\/wxag014","relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-7308","2398-7316"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-7308","type":"print"},{"value":"2398-7316","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"article-number":"wxag014"}}