{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T03:04:00Z","timestamp":1777950240260,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001560","name":"Conservation, Food and Health Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001560","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Testing the lead content of new paints is important to inform governments of the potential hazard in countries that have yet to ban or regulate the lead content of these products. This study included a sample of paints for automotive, metal primer, architectural enamel, and road-marking applications in Mexico. Samples from 213 paint products manufactured by 54 domestic and 5 foreign paint companies were purchased from retail outlets and tested at an accredited laboratory in the United States for lead content. Samples were selected to be representative of the available brands of red and yellow coatings sold in small containers in retail outlets. A total of 118 (55%) of the 213 paint products sampled contained lead in excess of 90\u2005ppm (all ppm concentrations in this paper designate wt\/wt values) and these samples were then analyzed for chromium content. A majority (91%) of the lead paints tested had a mass ratio of Pb:Cr consistent with pure lead chromate that has a ratio of 4:1 suggesting the presence of lead chromate pigments. Labels indicating that no lead was present were observed on 12 products that our testing demonstrated contained lead in concentrations ranging from 1,100\u2005ppm to 120,000\u2005ppm. The testing showed that Sherwin Williams, the largest global United States-based paint company, continues to sell lead paints in Mexico. These results have significant implications for workers in diverse industries in Mexico due to the lead hazards and the carcinogenicity of hexavalent chromium. National regulations and third-party conformity assessment procedures are desperately needed to control the widespread use of lead chromate pigments in Mexican paints.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxag023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T11:37:44Z","timestamp":1774957064000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lead chromate pigments dominate lead paints sold in Mexico"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9145-4088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Perry","family":"Gottesfeld","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational Knowledge International , PO Box 591207, San Francisco, CA 94159 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sof\u00eda C","family":"Ch\u00e1vez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Casa Cem\u2014V\u00edas Verdes A.C. , Avenida Chapultepec 376, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44190 ,","place":["M\u00e9xico"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Mac\u00edas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Casa Cem\u2014V\u00edas Verdes A.C. , Avenida Chapultepec 376, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44190 ,","place":["M\u00e9xico"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana Bel\u00e9n","family":"Vazquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Casa Cem\u2014V\u00edas Verdes A.C. , Avenida Chapultepec 376, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44190 ,","place":["M\u00e9xico"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey D","family":"Weidenhamer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Geology & Physics, 401 College Ave., Ashland University , Ashland, OH 44805 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026050402464469300_wxag023-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1007\/s44274-024-00180-9","article-title":"Evaluation of lead levels in decorative and automobile paints marketed in South\u2013West, Nigeria","volume":"2","author":"Akindele","year":"2024","journal-title":"Discov Environ."},{"key":"2026050402464469300_wxag023-B2","author":"Casa Cem","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026050402464469300_wxag023-B3","author":"Casa Cem","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026050402464469300_wxag023-B4","author":"Casa Cem & IPEN","year":"2018"},{"key":"2026050402464469300_wxag023-B5","author":"ClientEarth"},{"key":"2026050402464469300_wxag023-B6","author":"Dominion Colour Corporation"},{"key":"2026050402464469300_wxag023-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4931","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b06839","article-title":"Sunlight-mediated lead and chromium release from commercial lead chromate pigments in aqueous phase","volume":"53","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol."},{"key":"2026050402464469300_wxag023-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1080\/10934529.2011.526082","article-title":"Detection of lead in paint samples synthesized locally using-laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy","volume":"46","author":"Gondal","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Environ Sci Health Part A"},{"key":"2026050402464469300_wxag023-B9","first-page":"27","article-title":"Health standards for lead chromate dust","volume":"5","author":"Hartogensis","year":"1962","journal-title":"Ann Occup Hyg."},{"key":"2026050402464469300_wxag023-B10","author":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).","year":"1990"},{"key":"2026050402464469300_wxag023-B11","author":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026050402464469300_wxag023-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2010.32","article-title":"Comparison of dust released from sanding conventional and nanoparticle-doped wall and wood coatings","volume":"21","author":"Koponen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol."},{"key":"2026050402464469300_wxag023-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2008.08.038","article-title":"Lead content in household paints in India","volume":"407","author":"Kumar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ."},{"key":"2026050402464469300_wxag023-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.4038\/jnsfsr.v49i2.10249","article-title":"Safety concerns of lead chromate in enamel paints: a study based on the Sri Lankan enamel paints industry after the lead paint regulatory enforcement","volume":"49","author":"Lakmini","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Natl Sci Found Sri Lanka"},{"key":"2026050402464469300_wxag023-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-016-0001-8","article-title":"Lead chromate detected as a source of atmospheric Pb and Cr (VI) pollution","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"2026050402464469300_wxag023-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.02.285","article-title":"Source apportionment and environmental fate of lead chromates in atmospheric dust in arid environments","volume":"630","author":"Meza-Figueroa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ."},{"key":"2026050402464469300_wxag023-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e12831","article-title":"Lead content in automotive paints purchased at formal and informal outlets in Kenya","volume":"9","author":"Mwai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"2026050402464469300_wxag023-B18","volume-title":"U.S. Patent application publication 2005\/0069704A1","author":"Rathschlag et al","year":"2005"},{"key":"2026050402464469300_wxag023-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.120492","article-title":"Lead and chromium in European road paints","volume":"316","author":"Turner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"2026050402464469300_wxag023-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1080\/15459624.2014.908258","article-title":"Lead exposure and blood pressure among workers in diverse industrial plants in Kenya","volume":"11","author":"Were","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Hyg."},{"key":"2026050402464469300_wxag023-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3517","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-013-2741-0","article-title":"An investigation of lead chromate (crocoite-PbCrO4) and other inorganic pigments in aged traffic paint samples from Hamilton, Ohio: implications for lead in the environment","volume":"71","author":"White","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Earth Sci."}],"container-title":["Annals of Work Exposures and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annweh\/article-pdf\/70\/3\/wxag023\/68071168\/wxag023.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annweh\/article-pdf\/70\/3\/wxag023\/68071168\/wxag023.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T06:46:47Z","timestamp":1777877207000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annweh\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/annweh\/wxag023\/8653344"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/annweh\/wxag023","relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-7308","2398-7316"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-7308","type":"print"},{"value":"2398-7316","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"article-number":"wxag023"}}