{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T19:13:47Z","timestamp":1788376427865,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003128","name":"The Finnish Work Environment Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["116165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["116165"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003128","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The use of respiratory protective devices (RPDs) is essential in various work environments, including those with dust generation. When the work environment is cold, the low ambient temperature can accentuate discomfort from cooling and may influence workers\u2019 selection of RPDs, potentially affecting protective efficiency. This study aimed to quantify facial cooling while wearing particle-filtering facepiece respirators in cold conditions. Six different RPDs were selected: two filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs), two powered air-purifying respirators with constant airflow (PAPRC) and two breath-responsive air-supplied respirators (PAPRBR). Ten volunteers (six males and four females) participated, using the RPDs during rest and exercise for 40\u2005min at an ambient temperature of \u221220 \u00b0C. Skin temperatures on four areas of the face and the air temperature inside the mask were recorded throughout the test. In addition, accumulated moisture in the facepiece was measured. The mean face skin temperature (MFST) was calculated as the average of the four skin temperatures. The results showed that MFST declined, on average, to 12.9 \u00b0C, 17.7 \u00b0C and 21.8 \u00b0C when PAPRC, PAPRBR and FFR were used, respectively. In conclusion, the use of RPDs in cold conditions presents particular occupational health and safety risks. Moisture retention is high when RPDs are used in cold conditions, and accumulated moisture inside the facepiece may cause discomfort and impair visibility. PAPRC decreases facial skin temperatures to an uncomfortable level, while PAPRBR and FFRs reduce cooling in cold environments. However, the required level of protection should be prioritised, even in cold conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxag063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T11:38:45Z","timestamp":1787053125000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Facial cooling while using respiratory protective devices in the cold"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6098-516X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jenni","family":"Kaisto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Comprehensive Security in Working Life, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health , Ty\u00f6terveyslaitos, Oulu 90032 ,","place":["Finland"]},{"name":"Industrial Engineering and Management, University of Oulu , P.O. Box 8000, Oulu 90014 ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsi","family":"Jussila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comprehensive Security in Working Life, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health , Ty\u00f6terveyslaitos, Oulu 90032 ,","place":["Finland"]},{"name":"Industrial Engineering and Management, University of Oulu , P.O. Box 8000, Oulu 90014 ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arto","family":"Reiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Industrial Engineering and Management, University of Oulu , P.O. Box 8000, Oulu 90014 ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sirkka","family":"Rissanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational Safety, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health , Ty\u00f6terveyslaitos 90032 ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090214224343100_wxag063-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2013.767383","article-title":"The effects of wearing respirators on human fine motor, visual, and cognitive performance","volume":"56","author":"AlGhamri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"2026090214224343100_wxag063-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.2021-0279","article-title":"Comparative study of the effect of N95 facemask and powered air-purifying respirator (2 fans, N95 filter) on cardiovascular parameters of healthy individual during exercise","volume":"61","author":"Anil","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ind Health"},{"key":"2026090214224343100_wxag063-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.47.254","article-title":"Safety at work in cold environments and prevention of cold stress","volume":"47","author":"Anttonen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ind Health"},{"key":"2026090214224343100_wxag063-B4","volume-title":"Borg's perceived exertion and pain scales","author":"Borg","year":"1998"},{"key":"2026090214224343100_wxag063-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-005-0115-3","article-title":"Facial cold-induced vasodilation and skin temperature during exposure to cold wind","volume":"96","author":"Brajkovic","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2026090214224343100_wxag063-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(03)00065-0","article-title":"Effect of cold face stimulation on cerebral blood flow in humans","volume":"61","author":"Brown","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"2026090214224343100_wxag063-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000241641.75101.64","article-title":"American College of Sports Medicine position stand: prevention of cold injuries during exercise","volume":"38","author":"Castellani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"2026090214224343100_wxag063-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2019.102895","article-title":"The effect of a power assisted filtering device on the local and whole body thermal response in cold and hot environments","volume":"75","author":"Del Ferraro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Ind Ergon"},{"key":"2026090214224343100_wxag063-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2018.10.019","article-title":"Thermophysiological simulations with Newton manikin equipped with a power assisted filtering device in cold environments","volume":"78","author":"Del Ferraro","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Therm Biol"},{"key":"2026090214224343100_wxag063-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1080\/15298669091370086","article-title":"Thermal discomfort of respiratory protective devices","volume":"51","author":"DuBois","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am Ind Hyg Assoc J"},{"key":"2026090214224343100_wxag063-B11","author":"Ducharme","year":"2005"},{"key":"2026090214224343100_wxag063-B12","volume-title":"Respiratory protective devices\u2014full face masks\u2014requirements, testing, marking","author":"EN 136","year":"1998"},{"key":"2026090214224343100_wxag063-B13","author":"Finnish Meteorological Institute","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026090214224343100_wxag063-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210000262","article-title":"Face temperature and cardiorespiratory responses to wind in thermoneutral and cool subjects exposed to -10 \u00b0C","volume":"83","author":"Gavhed","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2026090214224343100_wxag063-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.23450","article-title":"Health effects of filtering facepiece respirators: systematic review of pulmonary and cardiovascular effects","volume":"66","author":"Harber","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"key":"2026090214224343100_wxag063-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1833","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1999.276.6.R1833","article-title":"Cold face test demonstrates parasympathetic cardiac dysfunction in familial dysautonomia","volume":"276","author":"Hilz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2026090214224343100_wxag063-B17","volume-title":"Ergonomics of the thermal environment. 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