{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T14:45:55Z","timestamp":1792680355460,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002461","name":"Chungbuk National University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024101174-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024101174-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002461","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Real-time dust monitors (RTMs), particularly light-scattering photometers, are increasingly used in occupational exposure assessment, yet their measurement agreement with gravimetric sampling (GS)\u2014the regulatory reference method\u2014has not been systematically quantified across the occupational hygiene literature. This meta-analysis qualitatively synthesised 112 occupational studies and quantitatively analysed 96 independent comparison pairs identified through systematic searches of Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed (2010 to 2025) following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Using a three-level random-effects model with log response ratios (lnR) of geometric mean concentrations as the effect size, we found that professional-grade optical RTMs reported concentrations on average 36% higher than GS (pooled lnR = 0.31; 95% CI: 0.25, 0.37; I2 = 78.4%; 95% prediction interval: 0.11, 0.63). In subgroup analysis, factory-calibrated instruments showed 43% higher concentrations, whereas site-specifically calibrated instruments showed only 13% higher concentrations. Mixed-effects meta-regression identified site-specific calibration as the strongest moderator (\u03b2 = \u22120.24; P &amp;lt; 0.001). Additional moderators included particle size distribution (log GSD: \u03b2 = 0.15; P = 0.012) and relative humidity (\u03b2 = 0.002; P = 0.046). The included studies employed professional-grade instruments (eg, TSI DustTrak\u2122, SidePak\u2122, Thermo pDR\u2122); no eligible occupational study reported concurrent low-cost sensor (&amp;lt;$500) versus gravimetric comparisons meeting our inclusion criteria, highlighting a critical evidence gap as these sensors enter occupational use. These findings provide the first pooled quantitative evidence base supporting site-specific calibration as a prerequisite for valid quantitative exposure assessment with optical dust monitors in occupational settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxag089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T14:23:24Z","timestamp":1792679004000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Systematic bias in real-time dust monitoring: a meta-analysis of measurement discrepancy and its implications for occupational exposure assessment"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3654-1036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gyu-Jin","family":"Sim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Safety Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology , 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811 ,","place":["Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6069-6340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oh-Hyun","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Safety Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology , 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811 ,","place":["Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4511-6977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sun-Haeng","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University , 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju 28644 ,","place":["Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital , 776 1sunhwan-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju 28644 ,","place":["Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026102210231687300_wxag089-B1","volume-title":"2019 TLVs and BEIs","author":"ACGIH","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026102210231687300_wxag089-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1080\/17476348.2016.1190274","article-title":"Occupational exposure and risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Alif","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev Respir Med"},{"key":"2026102210231687300_wxag089-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.55.10.651","article-title":"Effect of measurement error on epidemiological studies of environmental and occupational exposures","volume":"55","author":"Armstrong","year":"1998","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2026102210231687300_wxag089-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4617","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-14-4617-2021","article-title":"Development and application of a United States-wide correction for PM2.5 data collected with the PurpleAir sensor","volume":"14","author":"Barkjohn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos Meas Tech"},{"key":"2026102210231687300_wxag089-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxy020","article-title":"Optimizing a sensor network with data from hazard mapping demonstrated in a heavy-vehicle manufacturing facility","volume":"62","author":"Berman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Work Expo Health"},{"key":"2026102210231687300_wxag089-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.12.007","article-title":"Can commercial low-cost sensor platforms contribute to air quality monitoring and exposure estimates?","volume":"99","author":"Castell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2026102210231687300_wxag089-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1080\/15459624.2022.2132257","article-title":"Benefits and limitations of field-based monitoring approaches for respirable dust and crystalline silica applied in a sandstone quarry","volume":"19","author":"Cauda","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Hyg"},{"key":"2026102210231687300_wxag089-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1080\/15459624.2011.545943","article-title":"Characterization and control of airborne particles emitted during production of epoxy\/carbon nanotube nanocomposites","volume":"8","author":"Cena","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Hyg"},{"key":"2026102210231687300_wxag089-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1080\/02786828808959176","article-title":"Dynamic shape factor of a plate-like particle","volume":"8","author":"Cheng","year":"1988","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026102210231687300_wxag089-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032968","article-title":"Modeling dependent effect sizes with three-level meta-analyses: a structural equation modeling approach","volume":"19","author":"Cheung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"key":"2026102210231687300_wxag089-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.2000.00455.x","article-title":"Trim and fill: a simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis","volume":"56","author":"Duval","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"2026102210231687300_wxag089-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics12040233","article-title":"An in-field assessment of the P.ALP device in four different real working conditions: a performance evaluation in particulate matter monitoring","volume":"12","author":"Fanti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"2026102210231687300_wxag089-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1093\/annhyg\/mep079","article-title":"Laboratory study of selected personal inhalable aerosol samplers","volume":"54","author":"G\u00f6rner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Occup Hyg"},{"key":"2026102210231687300_wxag089-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17186820","article-title":"Recent advances in occupational exposure assessment of aerosols","volume":"17","author":"Harper","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026102210231687300_wxag089-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1039\/B202857N","article-title":"An evaluation of total and inhalable samplers for the collection of wood dust in three wood products industries","volume":"4","author":"Harper","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Environ Monit"},{"key":"2026102210231687300_wxag089-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.5","article-title":"Robust variance estimation in meta-regression with dependent effect size estimates","volume":"1","author":"Hedges","year":"2010","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"key":"2026102210231687300_wxag089-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186","article-title":"Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Higgins","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"2026102210231687300_wxag089-B18","first-page":"351","article-title":"Silica, some silicates, coal dust and para-aramid fibrils","volume":"68","author":"IARC","year":"1997","journal-title":"IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum"},{"key":"2026102210231687300_wxag089-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010247","article-title":"Plea for routinely presenting prediction intervals in meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"IntHout","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026102210231687300_wxag089-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-015-0070-z","article-title":"New methods for personal exposure monitoring for airborne particles","volume":"2","author":"Koehler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Environ Health Rep"},{"key":"2026102210231687300_wxag089-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1093\/annhyg\/37.3.253","article-title":"A comprehensive evaluation of within- and between-worker components of occupational exposure to chemical agents","volume":"37","author":"Kromhout","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann Occup Hyg"},{"key":"2026102210231687300_wxag089-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1890\/11-0423.1","article-title":"On the meta-analysis of response ratios for studies with correlated and multi-group designs","volume":"92","author":"Lajeunessei","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"2026102210231687300_wxag089-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-012-0718-7","article-title":"Comparison of nanoparticle measurement instruments for occupational health applications","volume":"14","author":"Leskinen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Nanopart Res"},{"key":"2026102210231687300_wxag089-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60235-9","article-title":"Silicosis","volume":"379","author":"Leung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026102210231687300_wxag089-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2016.08.010","article-title":"Laboratory assessment of low-cost PM monitors","volume":"102","author":"Manikonda","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Aerosol Sci"},{"key":"2026102210231687300_wxag089-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.04.018","article-title":"Applications of low-cost sensing technologies for air quality monitoring and exposure assessment: how far have they gone?","volume":"116","author":"Morawska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2026102210231687300_wxag089-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e16127","article-title":"Comparing PM2.5, respirable dust, and total dust fractions using real-time and gravimetric samples in an exposure chamber study","volume":"9","author":"Nitter Moazami","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"2026102210231687300_wxag089-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026102210231687300_wxag089-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1093\/annhyg\/mei061","article-title":"The mapping of fine and ultrafine particle concentrations in an engine machining and assembly facility","volume":"50","author":"Peters","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Occup Hyg"},{"key":"2026102210231687300_wxag089-B30","volume-title":"Occupational exposure assessment for air contaminants","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2005"},{"key":"2026102210231687300_wxag089-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1080\/15459624.2011.623223","article-title":"A strategy for assessing workplace exposures to nanomaterials","volume":"8","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Hyg"},{"key":"2026102210231687300_wxag089-B32","volume-title":"Quantitative exposure assessment","author":"Rappaport","year":"2008"},{"key":"2026102210231687300_wxag089-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d549","article-title":"Interpretation of random effects meta-analyses","volume":"342","author":"Riley","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026102210231687300_wxag089-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.86.3.638","article-title":"The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results","volume":"86","author":"Rosenthal","year":"1979","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"2026102210231687300_wxag089-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2012.112","article-title":"Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain","volume":"107","author":"Rushton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"2026102210231687300_wxag089-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.11.065","article-title":"Long-term field evaluation of the Plantower PMS low-cost particulate matter sensors","volume":"245","author":"Sayahi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"2026102210231687300_wxag089-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2016.1162901","article-title":"Inter-comparison of low-cost sensors for measuring the mass concentration of occupational aerosols","volume":"50","author":"Sousan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026102210231687300_wxag089-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d4002","article-title":"Recommendations for examining and interpreting funnel plot asymmetry in meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials","volume":"343","author":"Sterne","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026102210231687300_wxag089-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.53941\/wah.2025.100008","article-title":"Accuracy of real-time dust monitors in quarry settings: a pilot field and laboratory evaluation","volume":"1","author":"Tefera","year":"2025","journal-title":"Work Health"},{"key":"2026102210231687300_wxag089-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.59.9.575","article-title":"Occupational exposure assessment in case-control studies: opportunities for improvement","volume":"59","author":"Teschke","year":"2002","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2026102210231687300_wxag089-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1093\/annhyg\/met002","article-title":"Direct-Reading inhalable dust monitoring\u2014an assessment of current measurement methods","volume":"57","author":"Thorpe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Occup Hyg"},{"key":"2026102210231687300_wxag089-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.02.286","article-title":"The construction dust-induced occupational health risk using Monte-Carlo simulation","volume":"184","author":"Tong","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"key":"2026102210231687300_wxag089-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2020.105654","article-title":"Effects of aerosol type and simulated aging on performance of low-cost PM sensors","volume":"150","author":"Tryner","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Aerosol Sci"},{"key":"2026102210231687300_wxag089-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-012-0261-6","article-title":"Three-level meta-analysis of dependent effect sizes","volume":"45","author":"Van den Noortgate","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"2026102210231687300_wxag089-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v036.i03","article-title":"Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package","volume":"36","author":"Viechtbauer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"2026102210231687300_wxag089-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470060230","volume-title":"Aerosol sampling: science, standards, instrumentation and applications","author":"Vincent","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026102210231687300_wxag089-B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos12080961","article-title":"Assessment of low-cost particulate matter sensor systems against optical and gravimetric methods in a field co-location in Norway","volume":"12","author":"Vogt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmosphere"},{"key":"2026102210231687300_wxag089-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26616\/NIOSHPUB2006145","volume-title":"Laboratory and field performance of a continuously measuring personal respirable dust monitor","author":"Volkwein","year":"2006"},{"key":"2026102210231687300_wxag089-B49","volume-title":"WHO\/ILO joint estimates of the work-related burden of disease and injury, 2000\u20132016: global monitoring report","author":"WHO\/ILO","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026102210231687300_wxag089-B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1007\/s42461-024-01039-6","article-title":"Real-time dust monitoring in occupational environments: a case study on using low-cost dust monitors for enhanced data collection and analysis","volume":"41","author":"Wolfe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Min Metall Explor"}],"container-title":["Annals of Work Exposures and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annweh\/article-pdf\/70\/8\/wxag089\/72361320\/wxag089.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annweh\/article-pdf\/70\/8\/wxag089\/72361320\/wxag089.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T14:23:26Z","timestamp":1792679006000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annweh\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/annweh\/wxag089\/8979337"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/annweh\/wxag089","relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-7308","2398-7316"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-7308","type":"print"},{"value":"2398-7316","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"article-number":"wxag089"}}