{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T07:01:09Z","timestamp":1789714869906,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,30]],"date-time":"2018-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000061","name":"Fogarty International Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000125","name":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000125","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Global Environmental and Occupational Health program","award":["1R24TW009560"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R24TW009560"]}]},{"name":"Global Environmental and Occupational Health program","award":["4R24TW009558"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4R24TW009558"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>More than 11 million Thai people (38%) work in agriculture, but since most are in the informal sector, government enforcement and support are very limited. As a result, working conditions on Thai farms vary greatly, putting the health of many agricultural workers at risk. A cross-sectional study in three Thai provinces collected information on the work activities and conditions of 424 farmers representing five farm types: rice, vegetable, flower, rice\/vegetable, and flower\/vegetable. The agricultural workers were mainly women (60%); their average age was 53 but ranged from 18 to 87 years. More than 64% worked more than 5 days\/week. Seventy-four percent of them had only primary school education. A number of the health and hazardous working conditions surveyed were significantly different by farm type. Rice farmers were found to have the highest prevalence of allergies, nasal congestion, wheezing, and acute symptoms after pesticide use, while flower farmers had the lowest prevalence of these health outcomes. Rice farmers reported the highest prevalence of hazardous working conditions including high noise levels, working on slippery surfaces, sitting or standing on a vibrating machine, spills of chemicals\/pesticides, and sharp injuries. The lowest prevalence of these working conditions (except noise) was reported by flower farmers. Vegetable farmers reported the highest prevalence knee problems, while rice farmers had the lowest prevalence. Among these farmers, more than 27 different types of pesticides were reported in use during the past year, with the majority reporting use once a month. The flower\/vegetable farming group reported the highest frequency of good exposure prevention practices during pesticide use. They were the most likely to report using cotton or rubber gloves or a disposable paper masks during insecticide spraying. Those farmers who only grew vegetables had the lowest frequency of good exposure prevention practices, including use of personal protective equipment. The economic cost of work-related injuries and illnesses among informal sector agricultural workers in Thailand is unknown and in need of study. Gaps in the regulations covering pesticide sales allow farmers to purchase pesticides without adequate training in their safe use. Training targeted to farm type regarding safe pesticide use and the prevention of accidents and musculoskeletal disorders is needed. Studies of chronic health effects among Thai farmers are needed, with special emphasis on respiratory, metabolic disease and cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxx099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,23]],"date-time":"2017-11-23T07:08:16Z","timestamp":1511420896000},"page":"167-181","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Differences among Thai Agricultural Workers\u2019 Health, Working Conditions, and Pesticide Use by Farm Type"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Pornpimol","family":"Kongtip","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, CHE, Ministry of Education, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noppanun","family":"Nankongnab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, CHE, Ministry of Education, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Redeerat","family":"Mahaboonpeeti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Public Health, Naresuan University, Tha Pho, Muang, Phitsanulok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sasivimol","family":"Bootsikeaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Payao University, Muang, Payao, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiattisak","family":"Batsungnoen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medicine, Suranaree Institute of Technology, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chalalai","family":"Hanchenlaksh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medicine, Suranaree Institute of Technology, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathuros","family":"Tipayamongkholgul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Woskie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019101111484718100_CIT0001","volume-title":"National health examination survey, health examination survey by physical health examination the fourth 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