{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T09:28:39Z","timestamp":1762507719868},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,3]],"date-time":"2019-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556841600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Danish Working Environment Research Fund","award":["43-2014-03\/20140016763"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["43-2014-03\/20140016763"]}]},{"name":"NordForsk, The Nordic Programme on Health and Welfare","award":["74809"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["74809"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>High daytime light levels may reduce the risk of affective disorders. Outdoor workers are during daytime exposed to much higher light intensities than indoor workers. A way to study daytime light exposure and disease on a large scale is by use of a general population job exposure matrix (JEM) combined with national employment and health data. The objective of this study was to develop a JEM applicable for epidemiological studies of exposure response between daytime light exposure, affective disorders, and other health effects by combining expert scores and light measurements. We measured light intensity during daytime work hours 06:00\u201317:59 for 1\u20137 days with Philips Actiwatch Spectrum\u00ae light recorders (Actiwatch) among 695 workers representing 71 different jobs. Jobs were coded into DISCO-88, the Danish version of the International Standard Classification of Occupations 1988. Daytime light measurements were collected all year round in Denmark (55\u201356\u00b0N). Arithmetic mean white light intensity (lux) was calculated for each hour of observation (n = 15,272), natural log-transformed, and used as the dependent variable in mixed effects linear regression models. Three experts rated probability and duration of outdoor work for all 372 jobs within DISCO-88. Their ratings were used to construct an expert score that was included together with month of the year and hour of the day as fixed effects in the model. Job, industry nested within job, and worker were included as random effects. The model estimated daytime light intensity levels specific for hour of the day and month of the year for all jobs with a DISCO-88 code in Denmark. The fixed effects explained 37% of the total variance: 83% of the between-jobs variance, 57% of the between industries nested in jobs variance, 43% of the between-workers variance, and 15% of the within-worker variance. Modeled daytime light intensity showed a monotonic increase with increasing expert score and a 30-fold ratio between the highest and lowest exposed jobs. Building construction laborers were based on the JEM estimates among the highest and medical equipment operators among the lowest exposed. This is the first quantitative JEM of daytime light exposure and will be used in epidemiological studies of affective disorders and other health effects potentially associated with light exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxz031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,22]],"date-time":"2019-04-22T03:08:01Z","timestamp":1555902481000},"page":"666-678","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["A Quantitative General Population Job Exposure Matrix for Occupational Daytime Light Exposure"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Anne","family":"Vested","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Medicine, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard, Aarhus N, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, Environment, Occupation and Health, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aarhus University, Bartholins All\u00e9, Aarhus C, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vivi","family":"Schl\u00fcnssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Environment, Occupation and Health, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aarhus University, Bartholins All\u00e9, Aarhus C, Denmark"},{"name":"National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lers\u00f8 Parkall\u00e9, Copenhagen \u00d8, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Burdorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Public Health, Wytemaweg, CN Rotterdam, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johan H","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Medicine, Danish Ramazzini Centre, University Research Clinic, Gl. Landevej, Herning, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Christoffersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VELUX A\/S, VELUX Group, Knowledge centre for Daylight, Energy & Indoor Climate, \u00c5dalsvej DK, H\u00f8rsholm, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stine","family":"Daugaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Medicine, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard, Aarhus N, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esben M","family":"Flachs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke, Copenhagen NV, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne Helene","family":"Garde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lers\u00f8 Parkall\u00e9, Copenhagen \u00d8, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, University of \u00d8ster Farimagsgade, Copenhagen K, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c5se Marie","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lers\u00f8 Parkall\u00e9, Copenhagen \u00d8, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, University of \u00d8ster Farimagsgade, Copenhagen K, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jakob","family":"Markvart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy Performance, Indoor Environment and Sustainability, Danish Building Research Institute, Aalborg University, A.C. Meyers V\u00e6nge, Copenhagen SV, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Epidemiology Division, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan, CM Utrecht, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan, CX Utrecht, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zara","family":"Stokholm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Medicine, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard, Aarhus N, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jesper M","family":"Vestergaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Medicine, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard, Aarhus N, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Occupational Medicine, Danish Ramazzini Centre, University Research Clinic, Gl. Landevej, Herning, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helene T","family":"Vistisen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Medicine, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard, Aarhus N, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henrik Albert","family":"Kolstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Medicine, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard, Aarhus N, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019072413183425300_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.03.016","article-title":"Bright light therapy for nonseasonal depression: meta-analysis of clinical trials","volume":"198","author":"Al-Karawi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"2019072413183425300_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.55.10.651","article-title":"Effect of measurement error on epidemiological studies of environmental and occupational exposures","volume":"55","author":"Armstrong","year":"1998","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2019072413183425300_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2013.01.012","article-title":"Seasonality in seeking mental health information on Google","volume":"44","author":"Ayers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"2019072413183425300_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23448","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms151223448","article-title":"Protecting the melatonin rhythm through circadian healthy light exposure","volume":"15","author":"Bonmati-Carrion","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2019072413183425300_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2004.015198","article-title":"Identification of determinants of exposure: consequences for measurement and control strategies","volume":"62","author":"Burdorf","year":"2005","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2019072413183425300_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7742(10)93003-1","article-title":"What keeps us awake? The role of clocks and hourglasses, light, and melatonin","volume":"93","author":"Cajochen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol"},{"key":"2019072413183425300_CIT0007","first-page":"179","article-title":"The beginning of the science underpinning occupational hygiene","volume":"47","author":"Cherrie","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Occup Hyg"},{"key":"2019072413183425300_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2017.1327867","article-title":"Night work, light exposure and melatonin on work days and days off","volume":"34","author":"Daugaard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"key":"2019072413183425300_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxy110","article-title":"Light Exposure during Days with Night, Outdoor, and Indoor Work","volume":"63","author":"Daugaard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Work Expo Health"},{"key":"2019072413183425300_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2006.11.008","article-title":"Light exposure in the natural environment: relevance to mood and sleep disorders","volume":"8","author":"Dumont","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"2019072413183425300_CIT0011","first-page":"1","article-title":"Light and lighting - lighting of workplaces Indoor workplaces","volume":"1","author":"European Standards","year":"2011","journal-title":"European Standards"},{"key":"2019072413183425300_CIT0012","first-page":"1","article-title":"Light and lighting - Lighting of work places - Part 2: Outdoor work places","volume":"2","author":"European Standards","year":"2014","journal-title":"European Standards"},{"key":"2019072413183425300_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1177\/1477153512450453","article-title":"Comparisons of three practical field devices used to measure personal light exposures and activity levels","volume":"45","author":"Figueiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Light Res Technol"},{"key":"2019072413183425300_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1177\/1477153514564098","article-title":"Office lighting and personal light exposures in two seasons: impact on sleep and mood","volume":"48","author":"Figueiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Light Res Technol"},{"key":"2019072413183425300_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700240406","article-title":"Relationship of respiratory health status to grain dust in a Witwatersrand grain mill: comparison of workers\u2019 exposure assessments with industrial hygiene survey findings","volume":"24","author":"Fonn","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"key":"2019072413183425300_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1093\/annhyg\/mer080","article-title":"Combining a job-exposure matrix with exposure measurements to assess occupational exposure to benzene in a population cohort in shanghai, china","volume":"56","author":"Friesen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Occup Hyg"},{"key":"2019072413183425300_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.07.002","article-title":"Seasonality and bipolar disorder: a systematic review, from admission rates to seasonality of symptoms","volume":"168","author":"Geoffroy","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"2019072413183425300_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.4.656","article-title":"The efficacy of light therapy in the treatment of mood disorders: a review and meta-analysis of the evidence","volume":"162","author":"Golden","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019072413183425300_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.3155","article-title":"Does outdoor work during the winter season protect against depression and mood difficulties?","volume":"37","author":"Hahn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand J Work Environ Health"},{"key":"2019072413183425300_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-6870(02)00007-8","article-title":"Characterizing free-living light exposure using a wrist-worn light monitor","volume":"33","author":"Heil","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl Ergon"},{"key":"2019072413183425300_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1177\/1477153509355632","article-title":"Office workers\u201d daily exposure to light and its influence on sleep quality and mood","volume":"42","author":"Hubalek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Light Res Technol"},{"key":"2019072413183425300_CIT0022","first-page":"9","article-title":"Painting, firefighting, and shiftwork","volume":"98","author":"IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans","year":"2010","journal-title":"IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum"},{"key":"2019072413183425300_CIT0023","article-title":"ISO\/CIE 8995-3:2018. Lighting of work places -- Part 3: lighting requirements for safety and security of outdoor work places.","author":"International Organization for Standardization","year":"2018"},{"key":"2019072413183425300_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq318","article-title":"Job strain and the risk of depression: is reporting biased?","volume":"173","author":"Kolstad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2019072413183425300_CIT0025","first-page":"253","article-title":"A comprehensive evaluation of within- and between-worker components of occupational exposure to chemical agents","volume":"37","author":"Kromhout","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann Occup Hyg"},{"key":"2019072413183425300_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-018-0843-5","article-title":"The role of circadian rhythms in the hypertension of diabetes mellitus and the metabolic syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Lemmer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rep"},{"key":"2019072413183425300_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2007.9.3\/rlevitan","article-title":"The chronobiology and neurobiology of winter seasonal affective disorder","volume":"9","author":"Levitan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"2019072413183425300_CIT0028","first-page":"748730418796443","article-title":"Light, alertness, and alerting effects of white light: a literature overview","author":"Lok","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Biol Rhythms"},{"key":"2019072413183425300_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0447.2000.101003176.x","article-title":"An overview of epidemiological studies on seasonal affective disorder","volume":"101","author":"Magnusson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"2019072413183425300_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1080\/15502724.2015.1020948","article-title":"Comparison and correction of the light sensor output from 48 wearable light exposure devices by using a side-by-side field calibration method","volume":"11","author":"Markvart","year":"2015","journal-title":"LEUKOS"},{"key":"2019072413183425300_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730418789506","article-title":"Circadian health and light: a report on the national heart, lung, and blood institute\u2019s workshop","volume":"33","author":"Mason","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Biol Rhythms"},{"key":"2019072413183425300_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-13-1271","article-title":"Circadian variation of melatonin, light exposure, and diurnal preference in day and night shift workers of both sexes","volume":"23","author":"Papantoniou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"2019072413183425300_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(99)00063-4","article-title":"Bright light improves vitality and alleviates distress in healthy people","volume":"57","author":"Partonen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"2019072413183425300_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3262","DOI":"10.1039\/c1em10628g","article-title":"Modelling of occupational respirable crystalline silica exposure for quantitative exposure assessment in community-based case-control studies","volume":"13","author":"Peters","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Environ Monit"},{"key":"2019072413183425300_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1984.01790120076010","article-title":"Seasonal affective disorder. A description of the syndrome and preliminary findings with light therapy","volume":"41","author":"Rosenthal","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"2019072413183425300_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2006.11.010","article-title":"Exposure to bright light is associated with positive social interaction and good mood over short time periods: a naturalistic study in mildly seasonal people","volume":"42","author":"aan het Rot","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"2019072413183425300_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2015.1056304","article-title":"Can sleep quality and wellbeing be improved by changing the indoor lighting in the homes of healthy, elderly citizens?","volume":"32","author":"Sander","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"key":"2019072413183425300_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1093\/annhyg\/mev092","article-title":"Trends in OSHA Compliance Monitoring Data 1979-2011: statistical Modeling of Ancillary Information across 77 Chemicals","volume":"60","author":"Sarazin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Occup Hyg"},{"key":"2019072413183425300_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-4878(94)00105-A","article-title":"Wood-dust exposure during wood-working processes","volume":"39","author":"Scheeper","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Occup Hyg"},{"key":"2019072413183425300_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2015.1072002","article-title":"Nocturnal light pollution and underexposure to daytime sunlight: complementary mechanisms of circadian disruption and related diseases","volume":"32","author":"Smolensky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"key":"2019072413183425300_CIT0042","volume-title":"Danish Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities 2003","author":"Statistics Denmark","year":"2002"},{"key":"2019072413183425300_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.12.041","article-title":"Circadian entrainment to the natural light-dark cycle across seasons and the weekend","volume":"27","author":"Stothard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"2019072413183425300_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2016.03.001","article-title":"Light therapy in the treatment of patients with bipolar depression: a meta-analytic study","volume":"26","author":"Tseng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"2019072413183425300_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4878(01)00033-3","article-title":"Variations in exposure to inhalable wood dust in the Danish furniture industry. Within- and between-worker and factory components estimated from passive dust sampling","volume":"45","author":"Vinzents","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Occup Hyg"},{"key":"2019072413183425300_CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1093\/annhyg\/mef052","article-title":"Combining expert ratings and exposure measurements: a random effect paradigm","volume":"46","author":"Wild","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Occup Hyg"},{"key":"2019072413183425300_CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(95)00081-X","article-title":"\u2018Natural\u2019 light treatment of seasonal affective disorder","volume":"37","author":"Wirz-Justice","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"}],"container-title":["Annals of Work Exposures and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annweh\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/annweh\/wxz031\/28557604\/wxz031.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annweh\/article-pdf\/63\/6\/666\/28995809\/wxz031.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T22:29:26Z","timestamp":1694816966000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annweh\/article\/63\/6\/666\/5485377"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,3]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/annweh\/wxz031","relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-7308","2398-7316"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-7308","type":"print"},{"value":"2398-7316","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,3]]}}}