{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T07:10:52Z","timestamp":1781075452452,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,6]],"date-time":"2019-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000125","name":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#T42OH008414"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#T42OH008414"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000125","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007747","name":"University of Utah","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007747","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Based on experiments conducted in low wind speed and calm air environments, the current International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and European Committee for Standardization (CEN) convention modeling human aerosol inhalability (i.e. aspiration efficiency) may not be valid when wind speeds are less than 0.5 ms\u22121. Additionally, the convention is based primarily on mouth breathing data and aerosols with aerodynamic diameters smaller than 100 \u00b5m. Since the convention's development, experimental inhalation data at wind speeds lower than 0.5 ms\u22121 for nose, mouth, and oronasal breathing have been generated for aerosols in a wider range of sizes (1.5\u2013135 \u00b5m). These data were gathered and modeled with the intention of providing a simple convention recommendation for inhalability in low wind speed (&gt;0 to &lt;0.5 ms\u22121) and calm air (~0 ms\u22121) conditions to the ISO Technical Committee (TC) 146, Subcommittee 2, Working Group (WG) 1 (\u2018Particle Size-Selective Sampling and Analysis'), as it relates to standard ISO 7708, and to CEN TC 137\/WG 3, as it relates to standard EN 481. This paper presents several equations as possibilities, all relating aspiration efficiency to aerodynamic diameter. The equation AE=1+0.000019dae2\u22120.009788dae stands out as a possible new convention. This polynomial model balances simplicity and fit while addressing the weakness of the current convention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxz074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,11]],"date-time":"2019-09-11T15:25:09Z","timestamp":1568215509000},"page":"1046-1060","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Development of an Empirical Formula for Describing Human Inhalability of Airborne Particles at Low Wind Speeds and Calm Air"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Alexandra L","family":"Cox","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rocky Mountain Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodney G","family":"Handy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rocky Mountain Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew S","family":"Thiese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rocky Mountain Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darrah K","family":"Sleeth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019111315212983500_CIT0001","volume-title":"Threshold limit values and biological exposure indices","author":"American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)","year":"2017"},{"key":"2019111315212983500_CIT0002","volume-title":"The occupational environment: its evaluation, control and management","author":"American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA)","year":"2011"},{"key":"2019111315212983500_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(98)00762-9","article-title":"Aerosol inhalability in low air movement environments","volume":"30","author":"Aitken","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Aerosol Sci"},{"key":"2019111315212983500_CIT0004","first-page":"625","article-title":"Computational fluid dynamics investigation of human aspiration in low velocity air: orientation effects on nose-breathing simulations","volume":"58","author":"Anderson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Occup Hyg"},{"key":"2019111315212983500_CIT0005","first-page":"740","article-title":"Computational fluid dynamics investigation of human aspiration in low-velocity air: orientation effects on mouth-breathing simulations","volume":"57","author":"Anthony","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Occup Hyg"},{"key":"2019111315212983500_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1080\/15459624.2014.970273","article-title":"An empirical model of human aspiration in low-velocity air using CFD investigations","volume":"12","author":"Anthony","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Hyg"},{"key":"2019111315212983500_CIT0007","first-page":"21","article-title":"Investigations into defining inhalable dust","volume":"26","author":"Armbruster","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ann Occup Hyg"},{"key":"2019111315212983500_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4878(98)00031-3","article-title":"A survey of wind speeds in indoor workplaces","volume":"42","author":"Baldwin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Occup Hyg"},{"key":"2019111315212983500_CIT0009","volume-title":"Aerosol 101: generation and behavior of airborne particles (Aerosols).","author":"Baron","year":"2010"},{"key":"2019111315212983500_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1080\/02786829008959460","article-title":"Inhalability of large particles into the human nasal passage: in vivo studies in still air","volume":"13","author":"Breysse","year":"1990","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci Technol"},{"key":"2019111315212983500_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370500241296","article-title":"Particle inhalability at low wind speeds","volume":"17","author":"Brown","year":"2005","journal-title":"Inhal Toxicol"},{"key":"2019111315212983500_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2012.09.021","article-title":"Research on aerosol sources and chemical composition: past, current and emerging issues","volume":"120\u2013121","author":"Calvo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos Res"},{"key":"2019111315212983500_CIT0013","volume-title":"EN 481. 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