{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T06:15:43Z","timestamp":1784268943099,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000125","name":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000125","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Increased global demand for touch screens, photovoltaics, and optoelectronics has resulted in an increase in the production of indium\u2013tin oxide (ITO). Occupational exposure to indium compounds is associated with the development of indium lung disease. Although many previous epidemiologic investigations highlight an excess of lung abnormalities in workplaces where ITO is produced, few assessments of occupational exposure to respirable and inhalable indium are reported to date. The objective of this study was to identify the determinants of respirable and inhalable indium at an ITO production facility to target exposure interventions. In 2012 and 2014, we conducted exposure assessments at an ITO production facility and collected full-shift personal respirable (n = 159) and inhalable (n = 57) indium samples. We also observed workers and recorded information on task duration and location, materials used, and use of personal protective equipment (PPE). Tasks (n = 121) recorded in task diaries were categorized into 40 similar task groups using the Advanced REACH Tool and process-related information. Mixed-effects models were fit separately for log-transformed respirable and inhalable indium, with random effect of subject and fixed effects of task groups. Overall, respirable and inhalable indium measurements ranged from 0.1 to 796.6 \u00b5g m\u22123 and 1.6 to 10 585.7 \u00b5g m\u22123, respectively, and were highly correlated with Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.90. The final model for respirable indium explained 36.3% of total variance and identified sanding, powder transfer tasks in reclaim, powder transfer tasks in refinery, handling indium materials, and liquid transfer tasks in ITO production as tasks associated with increased respirable indium exposure. The final model for inhalable indium explained 24.6% of total variance and included powder transfer tasks in ITO production, cleaning cylinder or tile, and handling indium material tasks. Tasks identified as strong predictors of full-shift exposure to respirable and inhalable indium can guide the use of engineering, administrative, and PPE controls designed to mitigate occupational exposure to indium. Moreover, since the tasks were aligned with REACH activities, results from this study can also be used to inform REACH activity scenarios.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxz091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,12]],"date-time":"2019-11-12T07:10:44Z","timestamp":1573542644000},"page":"175-184","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Work Tasks as Determinants of Respirable and Inhalable Indium Exposure among Workers at an Indium\u2013Tin Oxide Production and Reclamation Facility"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7698-809X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brie","family":"Hawley Blackley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC , Morgantown, WV, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin J","family":"Cummings","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC , Morgantown, WV, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcia","family":"Stanton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC , Morgantown, WV, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandr B","family":"Stefaniak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC , Morgantown, WV, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenna L","family":"Gibbs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC , Morgantown, WV, USA"},{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji Young","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC , Morgantown, WV, USA"},{"name":"Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R Reid","family":"Harvey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC , Morgantown, WV, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5916-4611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M Abbas","family":"Virji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC , Morgantown, WV, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020021921304632300_CIT0001","volume-title":"2019 TLVs(R) and BEIs(R): threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents and biological exposure indices","author":"ACGIH.","year":"2019"},{"key":"2020021921304632300_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2014.920757","article-title":"Cytotoxicity and characterization of particles collected from an indium-tin oxide production facility","volume":"77","author":"Badding","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Toxicol Environ Health A"},{"key":"2020021921304632300_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2007.037291","article-title":"Work pattern causes bias in self-reported activity duration: a randomised study of mechanisms and implications for exposure assessment and 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