{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T11:50:21Z","timestamp":1785153021898,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]],"date-time":"2022-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007204","name":"Centre de Coop\u00e9ration Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le D\u00e9veloppement","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007204","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Oil palms showing exceptional vigour and dubbed as \u2018giant palms\u2019 were identified in some progeny during breeding. A panel of phenotypical traits were studied to characterize these trees. The hypothesis that gigantism and other anomalies might be linked to polyploidy was investigated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty sib pairs of palms from different crosses, each comprising a giant and a normal oil palm, were studied by flow cytometry with rice \u2018Nipponbare\u2019 as standard reference. In parallel, palms were assessed in the field using 11 phenotypic traits. A principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to define relationships between these phenotypical traits, and a linear discriminant analysis (LDA) to predict ploidy level and giant classification. Finally, a co-dominant molecular marker study was implemented to highlight the sexual process leading to the formation of 2n gametes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The first group of oil palms presented an oil palm\/rice peak ratio of around 4.8 corresponding to diploid oil palms, whereas the second group presented a ratio of around 7, classifying these plants as triploid. The PCA enabled the classification of the plants in three classes: 21 were normal diploid palms; ten were giant diploid palms; while 11 were giant triploid palms. The LDA revealed three predictors for ploidy classification: phyllotaxy, petiole size and circumference of the plant, but surprisingly not height. The molecular study revealed that triploid palms arose from 2n gametes resulting from the second division restitution of meiosis in parents.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study confirms and details the process of sexual polyploidization in oil palm. It also identifies three phenotypical traits to assess the ploidy level of the giant oil palms in the field. In practical terms, our results provide a cheap scientific method to identify polyploid palms in the field.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcac036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]],"date-time":"2022-03-16T12:25:11Z","timestamp":1647433511000},"page":"17-32","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Occurrence of triploids in oil palm and their origin"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"131","author":[{"given":"V","family":"Pomi\u00e8s","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut , F-34398 Montpellier , France"},{"name":"UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro , F-34398 Montpellier , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N","family":"Turnbull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PalmElit SAS , 34980 Montferrier sur Lez , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Le Squin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PalmElit SAS , 34980 Montferrier sur Lez , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I","family":"Syahputra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pt Socfin Indonesia , Jl.K.L.YosSudarso No. 106, Medan 20115, Sumatera Utara , Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Suryana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pt Socfin Indonesia , Jl.K.L.YosSudarso No. 106, Medan 20115, Sumatera Utara , Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Durand-Gasselin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PalmElit SAS , 34980 Montferrier sur Lez , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B","family":"Cochard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PalmElit SAS , 34980 Montferrier sur Lez , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F","family":"Bakry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut , F-34398 Montpellier , France"},{"name":"UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro , F-34398 Montpellier , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023042708425115100_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2012.11.027","article-title":"Estimating aboveground biomass of oil palm: allometric equations for estimating frond biomass","volume":"292","author":"Aholoukp\u00e8","year":"2013","journal-title":"Forest Ecology and Management"},{"key":"2023042708425115100_CIT0002","volume-title":"Contributo alla conoscenza della Palma a olio (Elaeis guineensis)","author":"Beccari","year":"1914"},{"key":"2023042708425115100_CIT0003","volume-title":"ggord: ordination plots with ggplot2. 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