{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:04:28Z","timestamp":1785801868368,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Verein der Freunde des Botanischen Gartens und Botanischen Museums Berlin-Dahlem e.V"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001655","name":"German Academic Exchange Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001655","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>The genus Buxus has high levels of endemism in the Caribbean flora, with ~50 taxa. In Cuba, 82 % grow on ultramafic substrates and 59 % are nickel (Ni) accumulators or Ni hyperaccumulators. Hence it is an ideal model group to study if this diversification could be related to adaptation to ultramafic substrates and to Ni hyperaccumulation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We generated a well-resolved molecular phylogeny, including nearly all of the Neotropical and Caribbean Buxus taxa. To obtain robust divergence times we tested for the effects of different calibration scenarios, and we reconstructed ancestral areas and ancestral character states. Phylogenetic trees were examined for trait-independent shifts in diversification rates and we used multi-state models to test for state-dependent speciation and extinction rates. Storms could have contributed to Cuba acting as a species pump and to Buxus reaching other Caribbean islands and northern South America\u2019.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found a Caribbean Buxus clade with Mexican ancestors, encompassing three major subclades, which started to radiate during the middle Miocene (13.25 Mya). Other Caribbean islands and northern South America were reached from ~3 Mya onwards.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>An evolutionary scenario is evident in which Buxus plants able to grow on ultramafic substrates by exaptation became ultramafic substrate endemics and evolved stepwise from Ni tolerance through Ni accumulation to Ni hyperaccumulation, which has triggered species diversification of Buxus in Cuba. Storms could have contributed to Cuba acting as a species pump and to Buxus reaching other Caribbean islands and northern South America\u2019.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcad063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,20]],"date-time":"2023-05-20T02:08:30Z","timestamp":1684548510000},"page":"1133-1147","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The diversification of Caribbean<i>Buxus<\/i>in time and space: elevated speciation rates in lineages that accumulate nickel and spreading to other islands from Cuba in non-obligate ultramafic species"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"131","author":[{"given":"Pedro A","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones y Servicios Ambientales de Holgu\u00edn , Calle 18 s\/n, entre 1\u00aa y Maceo, Holgu\u00edn 80100 , Cuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9484-9798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susy","family":"Fuentes-Bazan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Biologie der Freien Universit\u00e4t Berlin . Altensteinstra\u00dfe 6, 14195 Berlin , Germany"},{"name":"Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem , K\u00f6nigin-Luise-Stra\u00dfe 6-8, 14195 Berlin , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Di Vincenzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Biologie der Freien Universit\u00e4t Berlin . Altensteinstra\u00dfe 6, 14195 Berlin , Germany"},{"name":"Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem , K\u00f6nigin-Luise-Stra\u00dfe 6-8, 14195 Berlin , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosalina","family":"Beraza\u00edn-Iturralde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jard\u00edn Bot\u00e1nico Nacional de Cuba , Carretera del Roc\u00edo Km 3\u00bd, Calabazar, Boyeros, La Habana, CP 19230 , Cuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Borsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Biologie der Freien Universit\u00e4t Berlin . 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