{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T05:05:52Z","timestamp":1792213552467,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":248,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]],"date-time":"2023-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689897600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pseudanthia or \u2018false flowers\u2019 are multiflowered units that resemble solitary flowers in form and function. Over the last century the term \u2018pseudanthium\u2019 has been applied to a wide array of morphologically divergent blossoms, ranging from those with easily noticeable florets to derived, reduced units in which individual flowers become almost indistinguishable. Although initially admired mostly by botanists, the diversity and widespread distribution of pseudanthia across angiosperms has already made them a fascinating topic for evolutionary and developmental comparative studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Scope<\/jats:title><jats:p>This review synthesizes historical and current concepts on the biology of pseudanthia. Our first aim is to establish a clear, operational definition of pseudanthium and disentangle common terminological misconceptions surrounding that term. Our second aim is to summarize knowledge of the morphological and developmental diversity of pseudanthia and embed it within a modern phylogenetic framework. Lastly, we want to provide a comprehensive overview on the evolution and ecological importance of pseudanthia and outline perspectives for future studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The understanding of pseudanthia has changed multiple times and reflects three different interpretations of their \u2018flower-like\u2019 qualities: developmental (similarity in structure), figural (similarity in form and function) and phylogenetic (homology between angiosperm flowers and monoecious reproductive shoots in gymnosperms). Here, we propose to narrow the term pseudanthium to multiflowered blossoms resembling zoophilous flowers in form, i.e. in being structurally subdivided in a showy periphery and a reproductive centre. According to this definition, pseudanthia sensu stricto evolved independently in at least 41 angiosperm families. The recurrent acquisition of pseudanthia sensu stricto in all major lineages of flowering plants indicates repeated interactions between developmental constraints (smallness of flowers, meristematic conditions) and selective pressures, such as demands of pollinators and\/or environmental conditions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcad103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]],"date-time":"2023-07-21T18:41:15Z","timestamp":1689964875000},"page":"179-202","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Pseudanthia in angiosperms: a review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"132","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5272-9053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"Baczy\u0144ski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw , Warsaw , Poland"},{"name":"Department of Plant Biology, Miller Plant Sciences, University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Regine","family":"Cla\u00dfen-Bockhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg-University , Mainz , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023101810182369300_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3732\/ajb.93.1.15","article-title":"Comparative developmental series of the Mexican triurids support a euanthial interpretation for the unusual reproductive axes of Lacandonia schismatica (Triuridaceae)","volume":"93","author":"Ambrose","year":"2006","journal-title":"American Journal of Botany"},{"key":"2023101810182369300_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1111\/plb.13283","article-title":"Gongylolepis martiana, an Asteraceae pollinated by 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