{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T12:11:11Z","timestamp":1790079071081,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the International Human Frontiers Science Programme","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ebx7v45","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Memorial Botanical Fellowship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The evolutionary breakdown of outcrossing mechanisms has occurred repeatedly across angiosperm lineages. Stylar polymorphisms are of particular interest because their floral morphs exhibit discrete variation with pronounced spatial separation between reproductive organs (herkogamy), a trait strongly influencing outcrossing. These polymorphisms are typically maintained by negative frequency-dependent selection resulting from disassortative (between-morph) mating. In contrast, biased morph ratios and homostylous variants with anthers and stigmas adjacent to one another often signal transitions towards self-fertilization and erosion of the polymorphism. Here, we investigate this transition in three Wachendorfia species that exhibit dimorphic enantiostyly. Based on observations of biased morph ratios, we predicted the breakdown of enantiostyly to be associated with reduced herkogamy and an increased likelihood of self-pollination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To test this hypothesis, we quantified morph ratios and reproductive-organ separation across 42 populations spanning the three species. In a subset of populations, we also measured flower width, pollinator visitation, seed set and pollen transfer to examine their association with floral polymorphism breakdown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Populations with equal morph ratios typically exhibited well-developed herkogamy, consistent with disassortative mating. In contrast, reduced herkogamy, increasing the potential for autonomous self-pollination, was characteristic of populations with biased ratios or those that were monomorphic. Homostylous variants occurred in all three species and were characteristic of populations with low herkogamy and biased morph ratios as expected during early stages in the evolutionary modification of stylar polymorphism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our investigation revealed that the breakdown of outcrossing polymorphisms is not restricted to heterostylous species but also occurs in species with mirror-image flowers. In both cases of breakdown, the proximate mechanism causing increased self-pollination involves changes in herkogamy, emphasizing the importance of this key reproductive trait in influencing mating-system evolution.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcag213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T11:50:06Z","timestamp":1784116206000},"page":"1007-1020","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Breakdown of dimorphic enantiostyly is linked to reduced herkogamy and increased self-pollination"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"138","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3861-0811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sam","family":"McCarren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town , Cape Town 7701 ,","place":["South Africa"]},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town , Cape Town 7701 ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7762-3455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Spencer C H","family":"Barrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto , 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice L M","family":"Fairnie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto , 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sin\u00e9ad","family":"Watchorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paleo-Research Institute, University of Johannesburg , Johannesburg 2092 ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7264-4505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruce","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University , Stellenbosch 7602 ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7322-4713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Illing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town , Cape Town 7701 ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8362-3777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert A","family":"Ingle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town , Cape Town 7701 ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2745.2007.01334.x","article-title":"Spatio-temporal variation in fruit production and seed predation in a perennial herb influenced by habitat quality and population size","volume":"96","author":"\u00c5gren","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Journal of Ecology"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.2307\/2405656","article-title":"Self-compatibility and establishment after \u201clong-distance\u201d dispersal","volume":"9","author":"Baker","year":"1955","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1979.tb04702.x","article-title":"The evolutionary breakdown of tristyly in Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms (water hyacynth)","volume":"33","author":"Barrett","year":"1979","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B4","first-page":"151","volume-title":"The evolutionary ecology of plants","author":"Barrett","year":"1989"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-86656-2","volume-title":"Evolution and function of heterostyly","author":"Barrett","year":"1992"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg776","article-title":"The evolution of plant sexual diversity","volume":"3","author":"Barrett","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature Reviews: Genetics"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1086\/522511","article-title":"Major evolutionary transitions in flowering plant reproduction: an overview","volume":"169","author":"Barrett","year":"2008","journal-title":"International Journal of Plant Sciences"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.16026","article-title":"\u2018A most complex marriage arrangement\u2019: recent advances on heterostyly and unresolved questions","volume":"224","author":"Barrett","year":"2019","journal-title":"The New Phytologist"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1038\/352522a0","article-title":"Effects of a change in the level of inbreeding on the genetic load","volume":"352","author":"Barrett","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/evolinnean\/kzae004","article-title":"The neglected floral polymorphism: mirror-image flowers emerge from the shadow of heterostyly","volume":"3","author":"Barrett","year":"2024","journal-title":"Evolutionary Journal of the Linnean Society"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-1984.1990.tb00191.x","article-title":"Variation in outcrossing rates in Eichhornia paniculata: the role of demographic and reproductive factors","volume":"5","author":"Barrett","year":"1990","journal-title":"Plant Species Biology"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1006\/anbo.1999.1067","article-title":"The evolution and function of stylar polymorphisms in flowering plants","volume":"85","author":"Barrett","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annals of Botany"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1989.tb02591.x","article-title":"The dissolution of a complex genetic polymorphism: the evolution of self-fertilization in tristylous Eichhornia paniculata (Pontederiaceae)","volume":"43","author":"Barrett","year":"1989","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1987.tb05802.x","article-title":"Variation and evolution of breeding systems in the Turnera ulmifolia L. complex (Turneraceae)","volume":"41","author":"Barrett","year":"1987","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1995.tb02286.x","article-title":"Floral correlates and fitness consequences of mating-system variation in Turnera ulmifolia","volume":"49","author":"Belaoussoff","year":"1995","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aob.a083659","article-title":"Selection for differing degrees of out-breeding in Nicotiana rustica","volume":"23","author":"Breese","year":"1959","journal-title":"Annals of Botany"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2017-066","article-title":"glmmTMB balances speed and flexibility among packages for zero-inflated generalized linear mixed modeling","volume":"9","author":"Brooks","year":"2017","journal-title":"The R Journal"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mct031","article-title":"Differences in dichogamy and herkogamy contribute to higher selfing in contrasting environments in the annual Blackstonia perfoliata (Gentianaceae)","volume":"111","author":"Brys","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annals of Botany"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcr219","article-title":"The relative importance of reproductive assurance and automatic selection as hypotheses for the evolution of self-fertilization","volume":"109","author":"Busch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annals of Botany"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1086\/283497","article-title":"The maintenance and breakdown of distyly","volume":"114","author":"Charlesworth","year":"1979","journal-title":"The American Naturalist"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.18.110187.001321","article-title":"Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences","volume":"18","author":"Charlesworth","year":"1987","journal-title":"Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2664","article-title":"The genetics of inbreeding depression","volume":"10","author":"Charlesworth","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. Genetics"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1071\/BT18243","article-title":"Local population density affects pollinator visitation in the endangered grassland daisy Rutidosis leptorhynchoides (Asteraceae)","volume":"67","author":"Courtice","year":"2020","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Botany"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.110054","volume-title":"The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species","author":"Darwin","year":"1877"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.12331","article-title":"Small and ugly? Phylogenetic analyses of the \u201cselfing syndrome\u201d reveal complex evolutionary fates of monomorphic primrose flowers","volume":"68","author":"de Vos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.1996.185","article-title":"Frequency-dependent selection on morph ratios in tristylous Lythrum salicaria (Lythraceae)","volume":"77","author":"Eckert","year":"1996","journal-title":"Heredity"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.27468","volume-title":"The genetical theory of natural selection","author":"Fisher","year":"1930"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1809.1941.tb02272.x","article-title":"Average excess and average effect of a gene substitution","volume":"11","author":"Fisher","year":"1941","journal-title":"Annals of Eugenics"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1080\/0028825X.1979.10432574","article-title":"The biology of heterostyly","volume":"17","author":"Ganders","year":"1979","journal-title":"New Zealand Journal of Botany"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.12874","article-title":"Late-acting self-incompatibility\u2014the pariah breeding system in flowering plants","volume":"203","author":"Gibbs","year":"2014","journal-title":"The New Phytologist"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.36.091704.175539","article-title":"The evolutionary enigma of mixed mating systems in plants: occurrence, theoretical explanations, and empirical evidence","volume":"36","author":"Goodwillie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.4102\/abc.v22i1.826","article-title":"Morphology, evolution and taxonomy of Wachendorfia (Haemodoraceae)","volume":"22","author":"Helme","year":"1992","journal-title":"Bothalia"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1988.tb04183.x","article-title":"Inbreeding depression doesn\u2019t matter: the genetic basis of mating-system evolution","volume":"42","author":"Holsinger","year":"1988","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.12182","article-title":"Is self-fertilization an evolutionary dead end?","volume":"198","author":"Igic","year":"2013","journal-title":"The New Phytologist"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.3732\/ajb.89.2.253","article-title":"Enantiostyly in Wachendorfia (Haemodoraceae): the influence of reproductive systems on the maintenance of the polymorphism","volume":"89","author":"Jesson","year":"2002","journal-title":"American Journal of Botany"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1038\/417707a","article-title":"Solving the puzzle of mirror-image flowers","volume":"417","author":"Jesson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S237","DOI":"10.1086\/378537","article-title":"The comparative biology of mirror-image flowers","volume":"164","author":"Jesson","year":"2003","journal-title":"International Journal of Plant Sciences"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1007\/s004420050113","article-title":"Evidence for widespread pollen limitation of fruiting success in Cape wildflowers","volume":"109","author":"Johnson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcad118","article-title":"The enantiostylous floral polymorphism of Barberetta aurea (Haemodoraceae) facilitates wing pollination by syrphid flies","volume":"132","author":"Johnson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annals of Botany"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcaf189","article-title":"Functions of heteranthery and enantiostyly for wing pollination by pollen-collecting bees in Dilatris ixioides (Haemodoraceae)","volume":"137","author":"Johnson","year":"2026","journal-title":"Annals of Botany"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.8784","article-title":"Reduced visitation to buzz-pollinated Cyanella hyacinthoides in the presence of other pollen sources in the hyperdiverse Cape Floristic Region","volume":"12","author":"Kemp","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecology and Evolution"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2011.01536.x","article-title":"Selection on floral design in Polemonium brandegeei (Polemoniaceae): female and male fitness under hawkmoth pollination","volume":"66","author":"Kulbaba","year":"2012","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.2307\/2408514","article-title":"The evolution of self-fertilization and inbreeding depression in plants. I. Genetic models","volume":"39","author":"Lande","year":"1985","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.5962\/p.336412","article-title":"Evolution of self-compatibility and racial differentiation in Leavenworthia (Cruciferae)","volume":"195","author":"Lloyd","year":"1965","journal-title":"Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1086\/297041","article-title":"Self- and cross-fertilization in plants. II. The selection of self- fertilization","volume":"153","author":"Lloyd","year":"1992","journal-title":"International Journal of Plant Sciences"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-86656-2_7","volume-title":"Barrett SCH, ed. Evolution and function of heterostyly","author":"Lloyd","year":"1992"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1438-8677.2012.00569.x","article-title":"Herkogamy and mate diversity in the wild daffodil Narcissus longispathus: beyond the selfing\u2013outcrossing paradigm in the evolution of mixed mating","volume":"14","author":"Medrano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant Biology"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.13155","article-title":"Using quantum dots as pollen labels to track the fates of individual pollen grains","volume":"10","author":"Minnaar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Methods in Ecology and Evolution"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2021.04.074","article-title":"A combination of pollen mosaics on pollinators and floral handedness facilitates the increase of outcross pollen movement","volume":"31","author":"Minnaar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1420-9101.1989.2030183.x","article-title":"Reproductive correlates of mating system variation in Eichhornia paniculata (Spreng.) Solms (Pontederiaceae)","volume":"2","author":"Morgan","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Evolutionary Biology"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1086\/700314","article-title":"Herkogamy, a principal functional trait of plant reproductive biology","volume":"179","author":"Opedal","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Plant Sciences"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12701","article-title":"Evolutionary consequences of ecological factors: pollinator reliability predicts mating-system traits of a perennial plant","volume":"19","author":"Opedal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecology Letters"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.13258","article-title":"The evolvability of herkogamy: quantifying the evolutionary potential of a composite trait","volume":"71","author":"Opedal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.1978.tb01577.x","article-title":"Floral enantiomorphy and the reproductive system of Wachendorfia paniculata (Haemodoraceae)","volume":"80","author":"Ornduff","year":"1978","journal-title":"The New Phytologist"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.13539","article-title":"The scope of Baker\u2019s law","volume":"208","author":"Pannell","year":"2015","journal-title":"The New Phytologist"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B56","volume-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2016.0253","article-title":"Distinct effects of pollinator dependence and self-incompatibility on pollen limitation in South African biodiversity hotspots","volume":"12","author":"Rodger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biology Letters"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B58","first-page":"84","article-title":"An overview of multiple imputation","volume":"79","author":"Rubin","year":"1988","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Survey Research Methods Section of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Saltini","year":"2025","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.09.23.677969"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcq111","article-title":"Patterns of style polymorphism in five species of the South African genus Nivenia (Iridaceae)","volume":"106","author":"S\u00e1nchez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annals of Botany"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02861001","article-title":"Late-acting self-incompatibility in angiosperms","volume":"52","author":"Seavey","year":"1986","journal-title":"The Botanical Review"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcr023","article-title":"The selfing syndrome: a model for studying the genetic and evolutionary basis of morphological adaptation in plants","volume":"107","author":"Sicard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annals of Botany"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2276","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.12731","article-title":"Disassortative mating prevails in style-dimorphic Narcissus papyraceus despite low reciprocity and compatibility of morphs","volume":"69","author":"Sim\u00f3n-Porcar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1086\/281999","article-title":"Self-fertilization and population variability in the higher plants","volume":"91","author":"Stebbins","year":"1957","journal-title":"The American Naturalist"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2002.2318","article-title":"Frequency-dependent variation in reproductive success in Narcissus: implications for the maintenance of stigma-height dimorphism","volume":"270","author":"Thompson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: Series B, Biological Sciences"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcp015","article-title":"Modification of flower architecture during early stages in the evolution of self-fertilization","volume":"103","author":"Vallejo-Mar\u00edn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annals of Botany"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B67","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mice: multivariate imputation by chained equations in R","volume":"45","author":"van Buuren","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2004.01234.x","article-title":"Reproductive consequences of interactions between clonal growth and sexual reproduction in Nymphoides peltata: a distylous aquatic plant","volume":"165","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"The New Phytologist"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1080\/0028825X.1986.10409726","article-title":"The avoidance of interference between the presentation of pollen and stigmas in angiosperms 2. Herkogamy","volume":"24","author":"Webb","year":"1986","journal-title":"New Zealand Journal of Botany"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2013.0133","article-title":"Evolutionary consequences of self-fertilization in plants","volume":"280","author":"Wright","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: Series B, Biological Sciences"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2214492120","article-title":"Diverse mating consequences of the evolutionary breakdown of the sexual polymorphism heterostyly","volume":"120","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.15905","article-title":"Phylogenomic analysis reveals multiple evolutionary origins of selfing from outcrossing in a lineage of heterostylous plants","volume":"224","author":"Zhong","year":"2019","journal-title":"The New Phytologist"},{"key":"2026092207380210400_mcag213-B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.13326","article-title":"Reciprocal herkogamy promotes disassortative mating in a distylous species with intramorph compatibility","volume":"206","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"The New Phytologist"}],"container-title":["Annals of Botany"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aob\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/aob\/mcag213\/69162464\/mcag213.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aob\/article-pdf\/138\/4\/1007\/69162464\/mcag213.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aob\/article-pdf\/138\/4\/1007\/69162464\/mcag213.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T11:38:19Z","timestamp":1790077099000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aob\/article\/138\/4\/1007\/8736523"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aob\/mcag213","relation":{},"ISSN":["1095-8290"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1095-8290","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]}}}