{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T15:43:18Z","timestamp":1792424598248,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Key Project of Anhui Provincial Department of Education","award":["2022AH051832"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022AH051832"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Stem lignification seriously reduces the edible quality and marketability of Pteridium aquilinum, a popular wild vegetable. This study aimed to explore the molecular mechanism underlying stem lignification during longitudinal development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We performed 4-D proteomics based on data-independent acquisition to compare protein expression profiles in the basal, middle and upper parts of vegetative stems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 6014 proteins were detected across basal, middle and upper stem parts, with 1107, 647 and 234 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) identified in basal vs upper, middle vs upper, and basal vs middle comparisons, respectively. Among 72 DEPs shared by the three groups, 17 exhibited consistent up- or downregulation patterns along the longitudinal sections, with fold changes ranging from 2.10 to 752.36 across comparisons, and most showing strong positive correlations (r &amp;gt; 0.94) with lignin content. Functional classification indicated that these DEPs were mainly associated with five categories, including photosynthesis, phenylpropanoid metabolism, cell wall organization, stress response and shikimate metabolism. Lignin content increased basipetally. In contrast, activities of peroxidase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and 4-coumarate-CoA ligase showed an acropetal pattern (lower in basal part, higher in upper part), while laccase activity increased basipetally, consistent with the lignin gradient. DEPs related to photosynthesis and shikimate metabolism were upregulated, which might supply potential precursors for phenylpropanoid metabolism. Key proteins such as 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (fold change up to 454.78 in basal vs upper comparison), cinnamoyl-coA reductase (up to 34.15) and caffeyol-CoA O-methyltransferase (up to 11.81) were identified, which could potentially participate in lignin monomer biosynthesis and polymerization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multiple biological processes coordinately regulate stem lignification in P. aquilinum. These results may serve as a scientific reference for future studies aiming to develop approaches to alleviate stem lignification and improve the edible quality of P. aquilinum.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcag296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T07:51:48Z","timestamp":1789113108000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Proteomics of\n                    <i>Pteridium aquilinum<\/i>\n                    provides insights on stem lignification mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Jingsong","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Chizhou University , Chizhou 247000 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingguo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Chizhou University , Chizhou 247000 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Chizhou University , Chizhou 247000 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101911322059500_mcag296-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2022.147060","article-title":"Characterization of plant laccase genes and their functions","volume":"852","author":"Bai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"2026101911322059500_mcag296-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e11687","article-title":"A comprehensive review on Nepalese wild vegetable food ferns","volume":"11","author":"Bajracharya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"2026101911322059500_mcag296-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4141","article-title":"Cell wall composition and lignin biosynthetic gene expression along a developmental gradient in an Australian sugarcane cultivar","volume":"12","author":"Bewg","year":"2017","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"2026101911322059500_mcag296-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.146909","article-title":"Functional insights into 4-coumarate-CoA ligase and caffeic acid O-methyltransferase genes involved in lignin biosynthesis in Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata)","volume":"4","author":"Cai","year":"2025","journal-title":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules"},{"key":"2026101911322059500_mcag296-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-3119(17)61821-5","article-title":"GmDRR1, a dirigent protein resistant to Phytophthora sojae in Glycine max (L.) 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