{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T19:59:24Z","timestamp":1790625564373,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background &amp; Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Macroevolutionary gradients in species richness are commonly attributed either to variation in diversification rates or to differences in time available for species accumulation, but may also be shaped by climatic niche conservatism. Although this framework has been widely applied across animals and angiosperms, it has rarely been tested in lineages exceeding 150 million years (Ma), where long-term niche conservatism may play a larger role.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Here we evaluate these competing hypotheses across nested fern clades spanning over 400 Ma of evolutionary history, including ferns as a whole (\u223c422 Ma), leptosporangiates (\u223c395 Ma), Polypodiales (\u223c302 Ma) and eupolypods (\u223c185 Ma).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Across climatic zones, species-rich fern assemblages were associated with elevated diversification rates, extended time for speciation, and strong climatic niche conservatism. Notably, diversification rates peaked in warm and humid regions\u2014an inverse pattern to that reported for many other major clades, including birds, ants, fishes, and angiosperms. Although both diversification rate and evolutionary time predicted species richness, diversification rate showed substantially greater explanatory power than did time across all clades. Contrary to expectations, support for diversification-rate and time-for-speciation effects did not depend on clade age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results demonstrate that ancient plant lineages can exhibit macroevolutionary dynamics distinct from those inferred in relatively younger radiations. In ferns, evolutionary time allowed diversity to accumulate in warm and humid climates, elevated diversification rates increased that diversity, and climatic niche conservatism kept it concentrated within those same climatic regimes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcag298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T11:26:45Z","timestamp":1790594805000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diversification, evolutionary time, and climatic niche conservatism jointly explain global fern diversity"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Guilin","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Field Observation and Research Station (Hainan Jianfengling) for Forest Ecosystems, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry , Guangzhou 510520 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"School of Geography, University of Leeds , Leeds ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel H","family":"Nitta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Global and Transdisciplinary Studies, Chiba University , Chiba ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Sundue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh , Edinburgh ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy R","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, University of Leeds , Leeds ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5445-0996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qing","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ecology, Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes of Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harald","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Science , Mengla ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4027-499X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoting","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University , 610065, Chengdu ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Field Observation and Research Station (Hainan Jianfengling) for Forest Ecosystems, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry , Guangzhou 510520 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peirong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Field Observation and Research Station (Hainan Jianfengling) for Forest Ecosystems, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry , Guangzhou 510520 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Field Observation and Research Station (Hainan Jianfengling) for Forest Ecosystems, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry , Guangzhou 510520 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dexiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Field Observation and Research Station (Hainan Jianfengling) for Forest Ecosystems, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry , Guangzhou 510520 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"container-title":["Annals of Botany"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aob\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/aob\/mcag298\/71445463\/mcag298.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aob\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/aob\/mcag298\/71445463\/mcag298.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T19:21:10Z","timestamp":1790623270000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aob\/advance-article\/doi\/10.1093\/aob\/mcag298\/8842561"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aob\/mcag298","relation":{},"ISSN":["1095-8290"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1095-8290","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"article-number":"mcag298"}}