{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T08:14:28Z","timestamp":1773303268827,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,7]],"date-time":"2020-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Jockeys have high rates of concussion, with 5% of jockeys receiving at least one concussion annually. The impact of acute concussion upon cognition is well understood, but less is known about the long-term effects of concussion upon cognition. Our aim was to assess the impact of concussion upon jockeys who had provided pre-concussion assessments of cognition using a prospective design.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, over a 5-year period, we assessed the cognitive performance of jockeys with \u22651 medically diagnosed concussion (MDC; n\u00a0=\u00a017, months since concussion, M\u00a0=\u00a029.18), against those who had not been concussed (NC; n\u00a0=\u00a041). Jockeys who had not been concussed in the preceding 6 months completed four computer-based cognitive assessments from the CogSport battery.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Unlike the majority of the small existing literature, there was no difference (p\u00a0\u2265\u00a0.05) between the MDC and NC groups after controlling for age and baseline performance. Additionally, we used a measure of reliable change to assess for clinically meaningful decrements from baseline in each test and composite score 5 years later. None of the jockeys in the MDC group recorded significant decrements on any CogSport measure from baseline (z\u00a0&amp;gt;\u00a0\u22121.65).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The findings suggest that the presence of concussion does not result in persistent decrements in cognitive performance and that when findings are considered collectively, assessing factors beyond medically diagnosed concussion (e.g., chronic stress, undiagnosed concussion) may improve the interpretation of our current findings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acaa012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,3]],"date-time":"2020-02-03T12:08:49Z","timestamp":1580731729000},"page":"482-490","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Assessing the Long-Term Impact of Concussion upon Cognition: A 5-Year Prospective Investigation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Stefan","family":"Piantella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Counselling, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stuart J","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Maruff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6428-9128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bradley J","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Counselling, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2020072411470341800_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738117713974","article-title":"Cumulative effects of concussion history on baseline computerized neurocognitive test scores: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Alsalaheen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sports Health-a Multidisciplinary Approach"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020072411470341800_ref2","first-page":"692","article-title":"Neuropsychological deficits in patients with persistent symptoms six months after mild head injury","volume":"30","author":"Bohnen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020072411470341800_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1097\/JES.0b013e3182524273","article-title":"Cognitive decline and aging: The role of concussive and subconcussive impacts","volume":"40","author":"Broglio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020072411470341800_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2008.0766","article-title":"The persistent effects of concussion on neuroelectric indices of attention","volume":"26","author":"Broglio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020072411470341800_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1227\/01.Neu.0000336310.47513.C8","article-title":"History of multiple self-reported concussions is not associated with reduced cognitive abilities","volume":"64","author":"Bruce","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020072411470341800_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390802134616","article-title":"Attentional and executive functioning following mild traumatic brain injury in children using the test for attentional performance (TAP) battery","volume":"31","author":"Catale","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020072411470341800_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1191\/0269215505cr838oa","article-title":"Sustained attention in patients with mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"19","author":"Chan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"issue":"11","key":"2020072411470341800_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.110395","article-title":"A validation of the post concussion symptom scale in the assessment of complex concussion using cognitive testing and functional MRI","volume":"78","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020072411470341800_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2003.12.032","article-title":"Functional abnormalities in symptomatic concussed athletes: An MRI study","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020072411470341800_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2005.073155","article-title":"Cognition in the days following concussion: Comparison of symptomatic versus asymptomatic athletes","volume":"77","author":"Collie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020072411470341800_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617703930074","article-title":"The effects of practice on the cognitive test performance of neurologically normal individuals assessed at brief test-retest intervals","volume":"9","author":"Collie","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020072411470341800_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1097\/00042752-200301000-00006","article-title":"CogSport: Reliability cognitive tests used in and correlation with conventional postconcussion medical evaluations","volume":"13","author":"Collie","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020072411470341800_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2003.000293","article-title":"Statistical procedures for determining the extent of cognitive change following concussion","volume":"38","author":"Collie","year":"2004","journal-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020072411470341800_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1076\/clin.12.4.482.7241","article-title":"Comparing an individual's test score against norms derived from small samples","volume":"12","author":"Crawford","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clinical Neuropsychologist"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020072411470341800_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(94)90026-4","article-title":"Persistent visuospatial attention deficits following mild head injury in Australian rules football players","volume":"32","author":"Cremona-Meteyard","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"30","key":"2020072411470341800_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00030","article-title":"Long-term effects of mild traumatic brain injury on cognitive performance","volume":"7","author":"Dean","year":"2013","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020072411470341800_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(03)00262-X","article-title":"Mild cognitive impairment: Prevalence, prognosis, aetiology, and treatment","volume":"2","author":"DeCarli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet Neurology"},{"issue":"7","key":"2020072411470341800_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2012.721006","article-title":"The utility of post-concussion neuropsychological data in identifying cognitive change following sports-related MTBI in the absence of baseline data","volume":"26","author":"Echemendia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clinical Neuropsychologist"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020072411470341800_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1207\/S15324826an1001_7","article-title":"Return to play following sports-related mild traumatic brain injury: The role for neuropsychology","volume":"10","author":"Echemendia","year":"2003","journal-title":"Applied Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020072411470341800_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.63.5.634","article-title":"Executive functioning, awareness, and participation in daily life after mild traumatic brain injury: A preliminary study","volume":"63","author":"Erez","year":"2009","journal-title":"American Journal of Occupational Therapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020072411470341800_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390802175270","article-title":"The significance of mild traumatic brain injury to cognition and self-reported symptoms in long-term recovery from injury","volume":"31","author":"Ettenhofer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"7","key":"2020072411470341800_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390500205718","article-title":"Practice effects associated with the repeated assessment of cognitive function using the CogState battery at 10-minute, one week and one month test-retest intervals","volume":"28","author":"Falleti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020072411470341800_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e318248a526","article-title":"Choice of reliable change model can Alter decisions regarding neuropsychological impairment after sports-related concussion","volume":"22","author":"Hinton-Bayre","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020072411470341800_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2005.020651","article-title":"No cumulative effects for one or two previous concussions","volume":"40","author":"Iverson","year":"2006","journal-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020072411470341800_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.10170S1355617704106139","article-title":"Relation between subjective fogginess and neuropsychological testing following concussion","volume":"10","author":"Iverson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society"},{"issue":"13\u201314","key":"2020072411470341800_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.3109\/02699050903421099","article-title":"Mental fatigue and impaired information processing after mild and moderate traumatic brain injury","volume":"23","author":"Johansson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Injury"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020072411470341800_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq347","article-title":"White matter damage and cognitive impairment after traumatic brain injury","volume":"134","author":"Kinnunen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2020072411470341800_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10253890.2019.1651285","article-title":"Assessing the association of university stress and physiological reactivity with decision-making among students","author":"Kuhnell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stress"},{"key":"2020072411470341800_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2005.01400.x","article-title":"Sensory gating impairment in development of post-concussive symptoms in mild head injury. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 59(4), 466-472. DOI:DOI","author":"Kumar","year":"2005"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020072411470341800_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050801938983","article-title":"Deficits in complex visual information processing after mild TBI: Electrophysiological markers and vocational outcome prognosis","volume":"22","author":"Lachapelle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Injury"},{"key":"2020072411470341800_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2017.07.238","article-title":"Chronic work stress and decreased vagal tone impairs decision making and reaction time in jockeys","volume":"84","author":"Landolt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020072411470341800_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acu020","article-title":"Detecting cognitive impairment after concussion: Sensitivity of change from baseline and normative data methods using the CogSport\/axon cognitive test battery","volume":"29","author":"Louey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"8","key":"2020072411470341800_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2016.1168781","article-title":"Test-retest, retest, and retest: Growth curve models of repeat testing with immediate post-concussion assessment and cognitive testing (ImPACT)","volume":"38","author":"Maerlender","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020072411470341800_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509349491","article-title":"Natural history of concussion in sport: Markers of severity and implications for management","volume":"38","author":"Makdissi","year":"2010","journal-title":"The American Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"13","key":"2020072411470341800_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(02)00084-2","article-title":"Effects of divided attention on episodic memory in chronic traumatic brain injury: A function of severity and strategy","volume":"40","author":"Mangels","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020072411470341800_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2004.00438.x","article-title":"Fatigue-related impairment in the speed, accuracy and variability of psychomotor performance: Comparison with blood alcohol levels","volume":"14","author":"Maruff","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Sleep Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020072411470341800_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acp010","article-title":"Validity of the CogState brief battery: Relationship to standardized tests and sensitivity to cognitive impairment in mild traumatic brain injury, schizophrenia, and AIDS dementia complex","volume":"24","author":"Maruff","year":"2009","journal-title":"Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020072411470341800_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0b013e3181e67936","article-title":"Visual tracking synchronization as a metric for concussion screening","volume":"25","author":"Maruta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"11","key":"2020072411470341800_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-097393","article-title":"What is the definition of sports-related concussion: A systematic review","volume":"51","author":"McCrory","year":"2017","journal-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"11","key":"2020072411470341800_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097699","article-title":"Consensus statement on concussion in sport-the 5th international conference on concussion in sport held in berlin, October 2016","volume":"51","author":"McCrory","year":"2017","journal-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"key":"2020072411470341800_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i76","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.058248","article-title":"Consensus statement on concussion in sport: The 3rd International Conference on Concussion in Sport held in Zurich, November 2008","volume":"43","author":"McCrory","year":"2009","journal-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020072411470341800_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acn.2006.03.003","article-title":"Information processing following mild head injury","volume":"21","author":"O'Jile","year":"2006","journal-title":"Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020072411470341800_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617704105110","article-title":"Parametric manipulation of working memory load in traumatic brain injury: Behavioral and neural correlates","volume":"10","author":"Perlstein","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020072411470341800_ref44","first-page":"104","article-title":"Evidence for the factorial and construct validity of a self-report concussion symptoms scale","volume":"38","author":"Piland","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Athletic Training"},{"issue":"14","key":"2020072411470341800_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.07.021","article-title":"The association between mild traumatic brain injury history and cognitive control","volume":"47","author":"Pontifex","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2020072411470341800_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.2147\/Oajsm.S58005","article-title":"Self-reported concussion history: Impact of providing a definition of concussion","volume":"5","author":"Robbins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"key":"2020072411470341800_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2018.03.011","article-title":"Long-term cognitive outcomes in male and female athletes following sport-related concussions","volume":"132","author":"Sicard","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020072411470341800_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1097\/Jsm.0000000000000492","article-title":"Sensitivity of the Cogstate test battery for detecting prolonged cognitive alterations stemming from sport-related concussions","volume":"29","author":"Sicard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020072411470341800_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390490515739","article-title":"Attention to affective pictures in closed head injury: Event-related brain potentials and cardiac responses","volume":"27","author":"Solbakk","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"7","key":"2020072411470341800_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-6-7","article-title":"Are mild head injuries as mild as we think? Neurobehavioral concomitants of chronic post-concussion syndrome","volume":"6","author":"Sterr","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Neurology"},{"issue":"12","key":"2020072411470341800_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144907","article-title":"Cognitive ageing in great Britain in the new century: Cohort differences in episodic memory","volume":"10","author":"Tampubolon","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLOS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"2020072411470341800_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050903200555","article-title":"The heterogeneity of mild traumatic brain injury: Where do we stand?","volume":"23","author":"Tellier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Injury"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020072411470341800_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.36.6.403","article-title":"Injuries in professional horse racing in great Britain and the Republic of Ireland during 1992-2000","volume":"36","author":"Turner","year":"2002","journal-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020072411470341800_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617705050289","article-title":"Long-term neuropsychological outcomes following mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"11","author":"Vanderploeg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020072411470341800_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2004.061044","article-title":"Neuropsychological dysfunction following repeat concussions in jockeys","volume":"77","author":"Wall","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/acn\/article-pdf\/35\/5\/482\/33529263\/acaa012.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/acn\/article-pdf\/35\/5\/482\/33529263\/acaa012.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]],"date-time":"2021-02-25T17:15:24Z","timestamp":1614273324000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/acn\/article\/35\/5\/482\/5799067"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,7]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/acaa012","relation":{},"ISSN":["1873-5843"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1873-5843","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,7]]}}}