{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T13:40:25Z","timestamp":1774014025681,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]],"date-time":"2023-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"NIA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"NINDS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23NS123340"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23NS123340"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"NIEHS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01ES029227"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01ES029227"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"NIA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"NINDS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01NS108452"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS108452"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"NIA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01AG054693"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01AG054693"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"NIA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG071517"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG071517"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"NIA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG064093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG064093"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 2U01HL096812, 2U01HL096814, 2U01HL096899, 2U01HL096902, and 2U01HL096917"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 2U01HL096812, 2U01HL096814, 2U01HL096899, 2U01HL096902, and 2U01HL096917"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN268201700001I; HHSN268201700002I; HHSN268201700003I; HHSN268201700004I; HHSN268201700005I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN268201700001I; HHSN268201700002I; HHSN268201700003I; HHSN268201700004I; HHSN268201700005I"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Federal funds from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","award":["R01HL70825"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL70825"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Quantitative olfactory assessment has demonstrated clinical utility for the evaluation of a range of neurologic, psychiatric, and sinonasal conditions. Here, we provide age, sex, race, and education-specific normative data for the 12-item Sniffin Sticks Odor Identification Test (SSOIT-12) in older Black and White U.S. adults without preclinical or clinical dementia or sinonasal disease.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A sample of 2,224 Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study participants aged 66\u201389\u00a0years were included. A normative regression equation was developed using a linear model for the association of age, sex, race, and education with odor identification score. Regression-based normative mean scores and percentiles were generated by age, sex, race, and education groups.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Participants (mean age\u2009=\u200974\u00a0years, 59% women, 20% Black, 48%\u2009&amp;gt;\u2009high school education) had a mean SSOIT-12 score of 9.8. Age, sex, race, and education were all associated with odor identification performance (all ps\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.05). A linear regression model for the predicted SSOIT-12 score was developed for use with an individual\u2019s actual SSOIT-12 score in order to calculate the Z-score and corresponding percentile for a specific age, sex, race, and education group. Data are also reported in tabular format.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our study provides SSOIT-12 normative data obtained from a large population of White and Black older adults without preclinical or clinical dementia or sinonasal disease living in the USA. These findings can aid clinicians in assessing the degree of olfactory loss, establishing concordance with a person\u2019s perception of olfactory difficulties and quantitatively monitoring changes in olfactory performance over time.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acad080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]],"date-time":"2023-10-26T17:04:30Z","timestamp":1698339870000},"page":"335-346","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Normative Data for the 12-Item Sniffin\u2019 Sticks Odor Identification Test in Older Adults"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Vidyulata","family":"Kamath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, , Baltimore, MD 21287 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Honglei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan State University Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, , East Lansing, MI 48824 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Srishti","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Mississippi Medical Center The Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center, , Jackson, MS 39216 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dawn","family":"Mechanic-Hamilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Department of Neurology, , Philadelphia, PA 19104 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer A","family":"Deal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Department of Epidemiology, , Baltimore, MD 21287 , USA"},{"name":"Cochlear Center for Hearing and Public Health , Baltimore, MD 21287 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas H","family":"Mosley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Mississippi Medical Center The Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center, , Jackson, MS 39216 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea L C","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Department of Neurology, , Philadelphia, PA 19104 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2024042500263307400_ref1","first-page":"223","article-title":"Factors associated with inaccurate self-reporting of olfactory dysfunction in older US adults","volume":"42","author":"Adams","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemical 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