{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T13:29:11Z","timestamp":1789392551632,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]],"date-time":"2024-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U54AG063546"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54AG063546"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NIA Imbedded Pragmatic Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and AD-Related Dementias Clinical Trials Collaboratory"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cognitive dispersion indexes intraindividual variability in performance across a battery of neuropsychological tests. Measures of dispersion show promise as markers of cognitive dyscontrol and everyday functioning difficulties; however, they have limited practical applicability due to a lack of normative data. This study aimed to develop and evaluate normed scores for cognitive dispersion among older adults.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We analyzed data from 4,283 cognitively normal participants aged \u226550\u00a0years from the Uniform Data Set (UDS) 3.0. We describe methods for calculating intraindividual standard deviation (ISD) and coefficient of variation (CoV), as well as associated unadjusted scaled scores and demographically adjusted z-scores. We also examined the ability of ISD and CoV scores to differentiate between cognitively normal individuals (n\u2009=\u20094,283) and those with cognitive impairment due to Lewy body disease (n\u2009=\u2009282).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We generated normative tables to map raw ISD and CoV scores onto a normal distribution of scaled scores. Cognitive dispersion indices were associated with age, education, and race\/ethnicity but not sex. Regression equations were used to develop a freely accessible Excel calculator for deriving demographically adjusted normed scores for ISD and CoV. All measures of dispersion demonstrated excellent diagnostic utility when evaluated by the area under the curve produced from receiver operating characteristic curves.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Results of this study provide evidence for the clinical utility of sample-based and demographically adjusted normative standards for cognitive dispersion on the UDS 3.0. These standards can be used to guide interpretation of intraindividual variability among older adults in clinical and research settings.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acae005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]],"date-time":"2024-02-16T22:37:48Z","timestamp":1708123068000},"page":"732-746","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Development and Validity of Norms for Cognitive Dispersion on the Uniform Data Set 3.0 Neuropsychological Battery"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Andrew M","family":"Kiselica","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Psychology, University of Missouri , Columbia, MO , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3224-1637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alyssa N","family":"Kaser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, TX , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel S","family":"Weitzner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"James A. Haley Veterans Hospital , Tampa, FL , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia M","family":"Mikula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University , New York, NY , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Boone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Missouri , Columbia, MO , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven Paul","family":"Woods","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Houston , Houston, TX , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy J","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Missouri , Columbia, MO , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Troy A","family":"Webber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mental Health Care Line, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center , Houston, TX , USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"2024082600161047900_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3171","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13027","article-title":"The structural and social determinants of Alzheimer's disease related dementias","volume":"19","author":"Adkins-Jackson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimer's & Dementia: The journal of the Alzheimer's Association"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024082600161047900_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dadm.2016.05.003","article-title":"Cognitive variability\u2014A marker for incident MCI and AD: An analysis for the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative","volume":"4","author":"Anderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement (Amst)"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024082600161047900_ref3","article-title":"Representativeness of samples enrolled in Alzheimer's disease research centers","volume":"15","author":"Arce Renter\u00eda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement (Amst)"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024082600161047900_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000532","article-title":"Cognitive dispersion is a sensitive marker for early neurodegenerative changes and functional decline in nondemented older adults","volume":"33","author":"Bangen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024082600161047900_ref5","first-page":"270","article-title":"The national Alzheimer's coordinating center (NACC) database: an Alzheimer disease database","volume":"18","author":"Beekly","year":"2004","journal-title":"Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024082600161047900_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2020.1837246","article-title":"The ecological validity of the Uniform Data Set 3.0 neuropsychological battery in individuals with mild cognitive impairment and dementia","volume":"36","author":"Benge","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Clinical Neuropsychologist"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024082600161047900_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0000000000000279","article-title":"Version 3 of the National Alzheimer\u2019s Coordinating Center\u2019s Uniform Data Set","volume":"32","author":"Besser","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024082600161047900_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032650","article-title":"Intraindividual variability is a fundamental phenomenon of aging: evidence from an 8-year longitudinal study across young, middle, and older adulthood","volume":"50","author":"Bielak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024082600161047900_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acn001","article-title":"To err is human: \u201cAbnormal\u201d neuropsychological scores and variability are common in healthy adults","volume":"24","author":"Binder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024082600161047900_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390490918318","article-title":"Intraindividual variability as a marker of neurological dysfunction: a comparison of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease","volume":"28","author":"Burton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024082600161047900_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.19.3.309","article-title":"Within-occasion intraindividual variability and preclinical diagnostic status: is intraindividual variability an indicator of mild cognitive impairment?","volume":"19","author":"Christensen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024082600161047900_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1076\/anec.6.3.214.779","article-title":"Dispersion in cognitive ability as a function of age: A longitudinal study of an elderly community sample","volume":"6","author":"Christensen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024082600161047900_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2018.1533587","article-title":"Going beyond the mean: Intraindividual variability of cognitive performance in prodromal and early neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"33","author":"Costa","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Clinical Neuropsychologist"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024082600161047900_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-4580(95)02002-0","article-title":"Memory improvement following induced hyperinsulinemia in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"17","author":"Craft","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Aging"},{"key":"2024082600161047900_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01973","article-title":"Intra-individual variability across fluid cognition can reveal qualitatively different cognitive styles of the aging brain [original research]","volume":"9","author":"De Felice","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024082600161047900_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acz025","article-title":"Normative data for derived measures and discrepancy scores for the Uniform Data Set 3.0 Neuropsychological Battery","volume":"35","author":"Devora","year":"2019","journal-title":"Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"6\u20137","key":"2024082600161047900_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2017.1323119","article-title":"Invalid before impaired: an emerging paradox of embedded validity indicators","volume":"31","author":"Erdodi","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Clinical Neuropsychologist"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024082600161047900_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03339599","article-title":"Estimating the validity of the Clinical Dementia Rating scale: the CERAD experience","volume":"8","author":"Fillenbaum","year":"1996","journal-title":"Aging Clinical and Experimental Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024082600161047900_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170498","article-title":"Cognitive variability predicts incident Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment comparable to a cerebrospinal fluid biomarker","volume":"61","author":"Gleason","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Alzheimer's Disease"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024082600161047900_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1017\/S1366728911000332","article-title":"Self-ratings of spoken language dominance: A Multilingual Naming Test (MINT) and preliminary norms for young and aging Spanish\u2013English bilinguals","volume":"15","author":"Gollan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition"},{"key":"2024082600161047900_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012703570-3\/50010-9","volume-title":"Clinical interpretation of the WAIS-III and WMS-III","author":"Heaton","year":"2003"},{"key":"2024082600161047900_ref22","article-title":"mfp: Multivariable Fractional Polynomials","author":"Heinze","year":"2022"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024082600161047900_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.3109\/00207454.2013.771261","article-title":"Intraindividual neuropsychological test variability in healthy individuals with high average intelligence and educational attainment","volume":"123","author":"Heyanka","year":"2013","journal-title":"The International Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024082600161047900_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390802232659","article-title":"Intraindividual variability across cognitive domains: investigation of dispersion levels and performance profiles in older adults","volume":"31","author":"Hilborn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024082600161047900_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/act045","article-title":"Cognitive intra-individual variability has a positive association with traumatic brain injury severity and suboptimal effort","volume":"28","author":"Hill","year":"2013","journal-title":"Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024082600161047900_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.300.7.823","article-title":"Within-person across-neuropsychological test variability and incident dementia","volume":"300","author":"Holtzer","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2024082600161047900_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118548387","volume-title":"Applied logistic regression","author":"Hosmer","year":"2013"},{"key":"2024082600161047900_ref28","first-page":"1","article-title":"Racial differences in positive findings on embedded performance validity tests","author":"Hromas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Applied Neuropsychology: Adult"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024082600161047900_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.14.4.588","article-title":"Intraindividual variability in cognitive performance in older adults: comparison of adults with mild dementia, adults with arthritis, and healthy adults","volume":"14","author":"Hultsch","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024082600161047900_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617712001282","article-title":"The multilingual naming test in Alzheimer's disease: clues to the origin of naming impairments","volume":"19","author":"Ivanova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024082600161047900_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s12207-021-09417-x","article-title":"Marked intraindividual cognitive variability in a sample of healthy graduate students","volume":"14","author":"Jeffay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychological Injury and Law"},{"key":"2024082600161047900_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1037\/10063-004","volume-title":"Clinical neuropsychology and brain function: Research, measurement, and practice","author":"Kaplan","year":"1988"},{"key":"2024082600161047900_ref33","article-title":"Rocit-an r package for performance assessment of binary classifier with visualization","author":"Khan","year":"2019"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024082600161047900_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1080\/23279095.2021.1976778","article-title":"Examining racial disparities in the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment","volume":"30","author":"Kiselica","year":"2021","journal-title":"Applied Neuropsychology. Adult"},{"key":"2024082600161047900_ref35","article-title":"Recent advances in neuropsychological test interpretation for clinical practice","author":"Kiselica","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuropsychology Review"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024082600161047900_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acaa042","article-title":"Development and preliminary validation of standardized regression-based change scores as measures of transitional cognitive decline","volume":"35","author":"Kiselica","year":"2020","journal-title":"Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024082600161047900_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1017\/S135561772000003X","article-title":"The Uniform Data Set 3.0 Neuropsychological Battery: Factor structure, invariance testing, and demographically adjusted factor score calculation","volume":"26","author":"Kiselica","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society."},{"issue":"6","key":"2024082600161047900_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000640","article-title":"Using multivariate base rates of low scores to understand early cognitive declines on the uniform data set 3.0 Neuropsychological Battery","volume":"34","author":"Kiselica","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"2024082600161047900_ref39","volume-title":"Neuropsychological assessment","author":"Lezak","year":"2012","edition":"5th"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024082600161047900_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1080\/13854040590945346","article-title":"Advantages and disadvantages of separate norms for African Americans","volume":"19","author":"Manly","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Clinical Neuropsychologist"},{"issue":"9","key":"2024082600161047900_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4174","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13313","article-title":"Demographically adjusted normative data among Latinos for the version 3 of the Alzheimer's Disease Centers' Neuropsychological Test Battery in the Uniform Data Set","volume":"19","author":"Marquine","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024082600161047900_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004058","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies: Fourth consensus report of the DLB Consortium","volume":"89","author":"McKeith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2024082600161047900_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2018.08.026","article-title":"Repetitive mild traumatic brain injury in military veterans is associated with increased neuropsychological intra-individual variability","volume":"119","author":"Merritt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024082600161047900_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023792","article-title":"Intraindividual variability in HIV infection: evidence for greater neurocognitive dispersion in older HIV seropositive adults","volume":"25","author":"Morgan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024082600161047900_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2012.680912","article-title":"Intra-individual variability across neurocognitive domains in chronic hepatitis C infection: elevated dispersion is associated with serostatus and unemployment risk","volume":"26","author":"Morgan","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Clinical Neuropsychologist"},{"issue":"11","key":"2024082600161047900_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2412","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.11.2412-a","article-title":"The Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR): Current version and scoring rules","volume":"43","author":"Morris","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"S1","key":"2024082600161047900_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610297004870","article-title":"Clinical dementia rating: a reliable and valid diagnostic and staging measure for dementia of the Alzheimer type","volume":"9","author":"Morris","year":"1997","journal-title":"International Psychogeriatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024082600161047900_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.48.6.1508","article-title":"Clinical dementia rating training and reliability in multicenter studies: the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study experience","volume":"48","author":"Morris","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024082600161047900_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wad.0000213865.09806.92","article-title":"The Uniform Data Set (UDS): Clinical and cognitive variables and descriptive data from Alzheimer Disease Centers","volume":"20","author":"Morris","year":"2006","journal-title":"Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024082600161047900_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617722000698","article-title":"Lower prospective memory is associated with higher neurocognitive dispersion in two samples of people with HIV: A conceptual replication study","volume":"29","author":"Mustafa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society"},{"key":"2024082600161047900_ref51","first-page":"11","article-title":"Partington pathways test","volume":"1","author":"Partington","year":"1949","journal-title":"Psychological Service Center Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024082600161047900_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2010.10.026","article-title":"Distinct neuroanatomical substrates and cognitive mechanisms of figure copy performance in Alzheimer's disease and behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia","volume":"49","author":"Possin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024082600161047900_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.4763","article-title":"Perils of race-based norms in cognitive testing: The case of former NFL players","volume":"78","author":"Possin","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024082600161047900_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1159\/000083995","article-title":"Cross-domain variability of cognitive performance in very old nursing home residents and community dwellers: relationship to functional status","volume":"51","author":"Rapp","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024082600161047900_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160259","article-title":"Within-individual variability: An index for subtle change in neurocognition in mild cognitive impairment","volume":"54","author":"Roalf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Alzheimer's Disease"},{"key":"2024082600161047900_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470770771","volume-title":"Multivariable model \u2014Building: A pragmatic approach to regression anaylsis based on fractional polynomials for modelling continuous variables","author":"Royston","year":"2008"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024082600161047900_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0000000000000388","article-title":"Expanded demographic norms for Version 3 of the Alzheimer Disease Centers\u2019 Neuropsychological Test Battery in the Uniform Data Set","volume":"34","author":"Sachs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024082600161047900_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E391","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000693","article-title":"Unemployment status is associated with greater cognitive intraindividual variability in veterans with a history of remote mild TBI","volume":"36","author":"Sakamoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024082600161047900_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617703960061","article-title":"Examining the range of normal intraindividual variability in neuropsychological test performance","volume":"9","author":"Schretlen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024082600161047900_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acaa019","article-title":"Multidimensional malingering criteria for neuropsychological assessment: A 20-year update of the malingered neuropsychological dysfunction criteria","volume":"35","author":"Sherman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024082600161047900_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/alzrt94","article-title":"A web-based normative calculator for the Uniform Dataset (UDS) neuropsychological test battery","volume":"3","author":"Shirk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alzheimer's Research & Therapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024082600161047900_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbx115","article-title":"A comprehensive comparison of quantifications of intraindividual variability in response times: A measurement burst approach","volume":"74","author":"Stawski","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology: Series B"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024082600161047900_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbx115","article-title":"A comprehensive comparison of quantifications of intraindividual variability in response times: a measurement burst approach","volume":"74","author":"Stawski","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024082600161047900_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617702870035","article-title":"Intraindividual variability in cognitive performance in three groups of older adults: cross-domain links to physical status and self-perceived affect and beliefs","volume":"8","author":"Strauss","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society"},{"issue":"11","key":"2024082600161047900_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg237","article-title":"Staying on the job: the frontal lobes control individual performance variability","volume":"126","author":"Stuss","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024082600161047900_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2019.1694702","article-title":"Executive functioning interacts with complexity of daily life in predicting daily medication management among older adults","volume":"34","author":"Suchy","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Clinical Neuropsychologist"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024082600161047900_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2018.1432571","article-title":"Intraindividual variability in neurocognitive performance is associated with time-based prospective memory in older adults","volume":"40","author":"Sullivan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"11","key":"2024082600161047900_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v098.i11","article-title":"cutpointr: Improved estimation and validation of optimal cutpoints in R","volume":"98","author":"Thiele","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024082600161047900_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16973","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016973","article-title":"Intra-individual variability in Alzheimer's disease and cognitive aging: definitions, context, and effect sizes","volume":"6","author":"Tractenberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2024082600161047900_ref70","author":"Umlauf","year":"2022"},{"issue":"9596","key":"2024082600161047900_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61602-X","article-title":"The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"370","author":"Von Elm","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024082600161047900_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-210538","article-title":"UDSNB 3.0 neuropsychological test norms in older adults from a diverse community: Results from the Einstein Aging Study (EAS)","volume":"83","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Alzheimer's Disease"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024082600161047900_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000856","article-title":"Dispersion-based cognitive intra-individual variability in dementia with Lewy bodies","volume":"36","author":"Webber","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"2024082600161047900_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617723000255","article-title":"Ecological validity of cognitive fluctuations in Lewy Body Disease","volume":"30","author":"Webber","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024082600161047900_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0000000000000223","article-title":"Version 3 of the Alzheimer Disease Centers\u2019 Neuropsychological Test Battery in the Uniform Data Set (UDS)","volume":"32","author":"Weintraub","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024082600161047900_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/brcg.2001.1507","article-title":"Lapses of intention and performance variability reveal age-related increases in fluctuations of executive control","volume":"49","author":"West","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain and Cognition"},{"issue":"10","key":"2024082600161047900_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1041","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007036","article-title":"Education and cognitive reserve in old age","volume":"92","author":"Wilson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024082600161047900_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(1950)3:1<32::AID-CNCR2820030106>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"Index for rating diagnostic tests","volume":"3","author":"Youden","year":"1950","journal-title":"Cancer"}],"container-title":["Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/acn\/article-pdf\/39\/6\/732\/58911546\/acae005.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/acn\/article-pdf\/39\/6\/732\/58911546\/acae005.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T00:17:42Z","timestamp":1724631462000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/acn\/article\/39\/6\/732\/7607148"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/acae005","relation":{},"ISSN":["1873-5843"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1873-5843","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]]}}}