{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T11:49:16Z","timestamp":1791892156504,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,5]],"date-time":"2020-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100003559","name":"Aesthetic Surgery Education and Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100003559","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The popularity of genital cosmetic procedures in women is increasing. These procedures are often assumed and promoted as having a positive effect on women\u2019s psychological well-being, particularly their self-esteem. Empirical support for these claims is lacking.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of genital cosmetic procedures on self-esteem in women.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The authors performed a systematic literature review of MEDLINE, PreMEDLINE, Ebase, EMBASE, OVID, CINAHL, Cochrane, PsycINFO, and PubMed to identify articles that measured self-esteem in women after a genital cosmetic procedure. A meta-analysis was conducted to assess the pooled effect of these procedures on self-esteem.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The authors identified 5 eligible studies for the meta-analysis, comprising 2 prospective and 3 retrospective studies. Labia minora reduction was the most commonly studied procedure. All 5 studies used different measures of self-esteem, with only 1 study employing a validated psychometric measure at both preoperative and postoperative time points. The meta-analysis results showed a pooled logit rate estimate of 1.230, indicating a positive effect of surgery on self-esteem. However, there was substantial heterogeneity across studies.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Female genital cosmetic procedures, particularly labiaplasty, appear to have a positive effect on women\u2019s self-esteem. However, inconsistencies in study measures and methods limit our conclusions. Future research should involve the development of standardized outcome measures to more accurately assess the impact of these procedures on self-esteem, and on psychological well-being more generally.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Level of Evidence: 3<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p\/>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjaa038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,5]],"date-time":"2020-02-05T02:23:36Z","timestamp":1580869416000},"page":"1143-1151","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Do Genital Cosmetic Procedures Improve Women\u2019s Self-Esteem? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Gemma","family":"Sharp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre at Monash University , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascale","family":"Maynard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre at Monash University , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul-Rahman","family":"Hudaib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre at Monash University , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine 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