{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T20:16:34Z","timestamp":1790367394290,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,11]],"date-time":"2020-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Aging Imaging Laboratory Inc."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) is an important structure to understand for face-lift surgeries. However, the detailed distribution and imaging findings of the SMAS have not been established yet.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The aim of this study was to establish the accurate distribution and computed tomography (CT) imaging findings of the SMAS based on cadaveric studies.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study was designed in a 3-step procedure. First, 7 cadaver faces were utilized to understand the distribution and histology of the SMAS. Second, the SMAS findings from the cadaveric studies were compared with the CT images. Third, CT images were enrolled for the SMAS interpretation.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In 7 cadaveric studies, the SMAS was observed as a subcutaneous fibro-membranous structure extending from the galea aponeurotica to the platysma muscle and laterally connected to the parotid fascia. On the medial side, it also connects with major and minor zygomatic muscles. The SMAS consisted of muscular fibers, collagen fibers, and elastic fibers histologically. Eighteen CT images (all females; age range, 21-82 years) showed the thin linear structures corresponding to the fibro-membranous structures in the cadaveric studies. CT density of the SMAS was similar with that of the muscle, and the SMAS was recognizable in all 18 subjects.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The SMAS is a definite anatomical structure that can be demonstrated as a thin membranous structure on CT. This clinical application could be applicable to the development the cosmetic surgical procedures.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjaa305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,11]],"date-time":"2020-11-11T13:54:07Z","timestamp":1605102847000},"page":"NP113-NP123","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Basic Consideration for Facial Aging: Analyses of the Superficial Musculoaponeurotic System Based on Anatomy"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2325-974X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Itsuko","family":"Okuda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology, International University of Health and Welfare (IUHW), Mita Hospital , Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keiichi","family":"Akita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Anatomy, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) , Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takayoshi","family":"Komemushi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Irimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuo","family":"Nakajima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine , Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2023012809091275800_CIT0001","first-page":"117","article-title":"Imaging anatomy of the facial superficial structures and imaging descriptions of facial aging","volume":"30","author":"Okuda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Jpn J of Diagn Imaging"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023012809091275800_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1001\/archfacial.2007.16","article-title":"Surgical anatomy of the face: implications for modern face-lift techniques","volume":"10","author":"Gassner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Facial Plast Surg"},{"key":"2023012809091275800_CIT0003","first-page":"49","article-title":"Superfisial musculoaponeurotic system.","volume-title":"Surgical Anatomy of the Face","author":"Larrabee","year":"2004","edition":"2"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023012809091275800_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-197607000-00013","article-title":"The superficial musculo-aponeurotic system (SMAS) in the parotid and cheek area","volume":"58","author":"Mitz","year":"1976","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2023012809091275800_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13827","article-title":"Basic analysis of facial ageing: the relationship between the superficial musculoaponeurotic system and age","volume":"28","author":"Okuda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023012809091275800_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asj.2006.12.003","article-title":"Why do we age in our cheeks?","volume":"27","author":"Raskin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"key":"2023012809091275800_CIT0007","first-page":"2","article-title":"The aesthetic anatomy of the face.","volume-title":"Atlas of Aesthetic Face and Neck Surgery","author":"LaTrenta","year":"2004","edition":"1"},{"key":"2023012809091275800_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-6056-4.00080-0","article-title":"Facelift.","volume-title":"Maxillofacial Surgery","author":"Evans","year":"2017","edition":"3"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023012809091275800_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjv250","article-title":"Total composite flap facelift and the deep-plane transition zone: a critical consideration in SMAS-release midface lifting","volume":"36","author":"Mani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023012809091275800_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1177\/1090820X14539161","article-title":"The pinch rhytidectomy: a safe, effective, \u201clow SMAS\u201d variation on the theme","volume":"34","author":"Rosenfield","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023012809091275800_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22222","article-title":"From formalin to Thiel embalming: what changes? 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