{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T04:55:45Z","timestamp":1782968145287,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]],"date-time":"2022-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641340800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Human interaction begins with visual evaluation of others, and this often centers on the face. Objective measurement of this evaluation gives clues to social perception.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The objective of this study was to use eye-tracking technology to evaluate if there are scanpath differences when observers view faces of cisgender men, cisgender women, and transgender women before and after facial feminization surgery (FFS) including when assigning tasks assessing femininity, attractiveness, and likability.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Undergraduate psychology students were prospectively recruited as observers at a single institution. Their eye movements were recorded by eye-tracking technology when they were presented with frontal photographs of prototypical male, prototypical female, and pre- and post-FFS faces in a random order and then with prompting to assess femininity, attractiveness, and likability.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Twenty-seven observers performed the tasks. Participants focused their attention more on the central triangle of post-FFS and prototypical female images and on the forehead of pre-FFS and prototypical male images. Higher femininity ratings were associated with longer proportional fixations to the central triangle and lower proportional fixations to the forehead.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This preliminary study implies the scanpath for viewing a post-FFS face is closer to that for viewing a prototypical female than a prototypical male based on differences viewing the forehead and brow vs the central triangle.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjab434","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T12:46:38Z","timestamp":1641559598000},"page":"725-732","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Observer Gaze Patterns of Patient Photographs Before and After Facial Feminization"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7762-5493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikita","family":"Gupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Kentucky , Lexington, KY , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-St. Louis , St. Louis, MO , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Skylar","family":"Trott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Kentucky , Lexington, KY , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey H","family":"Spiegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, MA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022112116211003700_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01739737","article-title":"Attention and eye movement control: an overview","volume":"239","author":"Groner","year":"1989","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Neurol Sci."},{"key":"2022112116211003700_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(93)90154-R","article-title":"Gaze motor asymmetries in the perception of faces during a memory task","volume":"31","author":"Mertens","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia."},{"key":"2022112116211003700_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1068\/p060313","article-title":"Eye movement strategies involved in face perception","volume":"6","author":"Walker-Smith","year":"1977","journal-title":"Perception."},{"key":"2022112116211003700_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2015.01.013","article-title":"Humans have idiosyncratic and task-specific scanpaths for judging faces","volume":"108","author":"Kanan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vision Res."},{"issue":"14","key":"2022112116211003700_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1167\/16.14.16","article-title":"Face exploration dynamics differentiate men and women","volume":"16","author":"Coutrot","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vis."},{"issue":"23","key":"2022112116211003700_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2009.09.001","article-title":"Anchoring gaze when categorizing faces\u2019 sex: evidence from eye-tracking data","volume":"49","author":"Saether","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vision Res."},{"key":"2022112116211003700_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.20132","article-title":"Measuring attentional bias to peripheral facial deformities","volume":"119","author":"Ishii","year":"2009","journal-title":"Laryngoscope."},{"issue":"11","key":"2022112116211003700_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.24801","article-title":"Seeing is believing: objectively evaluating the impact of facial reanimation surgery on social perception","volume":"124","author":"Dey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Laryngoscope."},{"issue":"2","key":"2022112116211003700_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000005068","article-title":"Eye tracking as a proxy for perceptual evaluation of repaired cleft lip","volume":"30","author":"Warne","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg."},{"key":"2022112116211003700_CIT0010","first-page":";144(1):63-70","article-title":"Where do we look? 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