{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T22:37:21Z","timestamp":1789684641422,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Onabotulinumtoxin A (Onabot A) was the first treatment to be approved for aesthetic indications, namely glabellar lines (GLs), crow's feet lines (CFLs), and forehead lines (FHLs), with a cumulative dose of 64 U.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to conduct a meta-analysis to combine the available data for approved doses for GLs, CFLs, and FHLs to explore the effect and duration of simultaneous treatment with Onabot A.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>PubMed\/MEDLINE, Embase, and other national clinical trial registries were searched for randomized controlled trials from January 2010 to July 2022. The meta-analysis, trial sequential analysis, and investigator-assessed time to return to nonresponder status in GLs, CFLs, and FHLs following Onabot A were plotted to elicit a cumulative dose-adjusted response curve based on Kaplan-Meier analysis with a log-rank test.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fourteen randomized controlled trials were eligible for quantitative analysis. A total of 8369 subjects were recruited across the trials. The meta-analysis results show that Onabot A is very effective in reducing moderate to severe GLs, CFLs, and FHLs. The cumulative Z-curve for GLs, CFLs, and FHLs also exceeds the required information size (RIS). Kaplan-Meier analysis with a log-rank test demonstrated that simultaneous treatment of GLs, CFLs, and FHLs requires 182 days (95% CI = 179, 215 days) (P &amp;lt; 0.00002) to return to nonresponder status.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Treatment of the upper facial expression lines with Onabot A is effective, and the approved cumulative dose of 64 U gives longer-lasting effects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence: 1<\/jats:title><jats:p\/><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjac253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T19:08:16Z","timestamp":1663096096000},"page":"215-229","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["The Efficacy and Duration of Onabotulinum Toxin A in Improving Upper Facial Expression Lines With 64-Unit Dose Optimization: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis With Trial Sequential Analysis of the Randomized Controlled Trials"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Eqram","family":"Rahman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Royal Free Hospital , London, UK and an evidence-based medicine editor of Aesthetic Surgery Journal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afshin","family":"Mosahebi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Royal Free Hospital , London, UK and a research section editor of Aesthetic Surgery Journal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3838-6768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean D A","family":"Carruthers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alastair","family":"Carruthers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","volume-title":"J Am Orient Soc.","author":"O\u2019Flaherty","DOI":"10.2307\/601524"},{"key":"2023033111023576200_","volume-title":"The expression of the emotions in man and animals","author":"Darwin","year":"2009"},{"key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-09534-6","volume-title":"The Merchant of Venice by William Shakespeare","author":"Kinghorn","year":"1988"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2011.0480","article-title":"Mirth and laughter elicited during brain stimulation","volume":"13","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Baca Vaca","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord"},{"key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2018.11.029","article-title":"Mirth and laughter induced by electrical stimulation of the posterior insula","volume":"61","author":"Yan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2014.11.008","article-title":"Neural correlates of mirth and laughter: a direct electrical cortical stimulation study","volume":"66","author":"Yamao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2015.07.024","article-title":"Mirth and laughter elicited by electrical stimulation of the human anterior cingulate cortex","volume":"71","author":"Caruana","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"7","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1111\/dsu.12175","article-title":"Evaluation of self-esteem and depression symptoms in depressed and nondepressed subjects treated with onabotulinumtoxinA for glabellar lines","volume":"39","author":"Hexsel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1097\/DSS.0000000000000424","article-title":"Subject satisfaction with onabotulinumtoxinA treatment of glabellar and lateral canthal lines using a new patient-reported outcome measure","volume":"41","author":"Rivers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1524-4725.2003.29112.x","article-title":"Social implications of hyperfunctional facial lines","volume":"29","author":"Charles Finn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"issue":"12","key":"2023033111023576200_","first-page":"924","article-title":"Pharmacologic weakening of extraocular muscles","volume":"12","author":"Scott","year":"1973","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit449","article-title":"A novel strain of Clostridium botulinum that produces type B and type H botulinum toxins","volume":"209","author":"Barash","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1996.tb02615.x","article-title":"Emotions are social","volume":"87","author":"Parkinson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Psychol"},{"key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(10)42002-X","article-title":"An interpersonal approach to emotion in social decision making: the emotions as social information model","volume":"42","author":"van Kleef","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv Exp Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2012.665029","article-title":"The social signal value of emotions","volume":"26","author":"Hareli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cogn Emot"},{"issue":"7","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2012.00443.x","article-title":"The functional forecast model of emotion expression processing","volume":"6","author":"Weisbuch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soc Personal Psychol Compass"},{"key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2013.11.006","article-title":"Treatment of depression with onabotulinumtoxinA: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial","volume":"52","author":"Finzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"2023033111023576200_","author":"Allergan"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518e","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000475758.63709.23","article-title":"Global aesthetics consensus: botulinum toxin type A\u2014evidence-based review, emerging concepts, and consensus recommendations for aesthetic use, including updates on complications","volume":"137","author":"Sundaram","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.2006.32326.x","article-title":"Botulinum toxin type A treatment of multiple upper facial sites: patient-reported outcomes","volume":"33","author":"Carruthers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-017-0315-7","article-title":"Trial sequential analysis in systematic reviews with meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Wetterslev","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2021.03.001","article-title":"The PRISMA 2021 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"134","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-2385","article-title":"The PRISMA extension statement for reporting of systematic reviews incorporating network meta-analyses of health care interventions: checklist and explanations","volume":"162","author":"Hutton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2023033111023576200_","volume-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions","author":"Higgins","year":"2021."},{"key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"l4898","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898","article-title":"Rob 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"366","author":"Sterne","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14651858","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.ED000142","article-title":"Updated guidance for trusted systematic reviews: a new edition of the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions","volume":"10","author":"Cumpston","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.2307\/2988144","article-title":"Statistical methods for rates and proportions","volume":"25","author":"de Marshall","year":"1976","journal-title":"Statistician"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1177\/001316446002000104","article-title":"A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales","volume":"20","author":"Cohen","year":"1960","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Meas"},{"key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429258589","volume-title":"Practical Statistics for Medical Research","author":"Altman","year":"1990"},{"issue":"8","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-2797(00)00069-7","article-title":"Reliability of Chalmers\u2019 scale to assess quality in meta-analyses on pharmacological treatments for osteoporosis","volume":"10","author":"B\u00e9rard","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001368","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-001368","article-title":"Inter-rater and test-retest reliability of quality assessments by novice student raters using the Jadad and Newcastle-Ottawa Scales","volume":"2","author":"Oremus","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"7650","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39489.470347.ad","article-title":"GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations","volume":"336","author":"Guyatt","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"7109","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","article-title":"Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test","volume":"315","author":"Egger","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.2000.00455.x","article-title":"Trim and fill: a simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis","volume":"56","author":"Duval","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-10-90","article-title":"Evidence at a glance: error matrix approach for overviewing available evidence","volume":"10","author":"Keus","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"Pt A","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2015.09.002","article-title":"Meta-analysis in clinical trials revisited","volume":"45","author":"DerSimonian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(86)90046-2","article-title":"Meta-analysis in clinical trials","volume":"7","author":"DerSimonian","year":"1986","journal-title":"Control Clin Trials"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780060325","article-title":"Methods for combining randomized clinical trials: strengths and limitations","volume":"6","author":"Demets","year":"1987","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-120","article-title":"Thresholds for statistical and clinical significance in systematic reviews with meta-analytic methods","volume":"14","author":"Jakobsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"7414","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","article-title":"Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses","volume":"327","author":"Higgins","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"issue":"11","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186","article-title":"Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Higgins","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"f2304","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f2304","article-title":"Influence of trial sample size on treatment effect estimates: meta-epidemiological study","volume":"346","author":"Dechartres","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"7766","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"c3515","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c3515","article-title":"Small study effects in meta-analyses of osteoarthritis trials: meta-epidemiological study","volume":"341","author":"N\u00fcesch","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1104","article-title":"Trial sequential methods for meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Kulinskaya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"issue":"8","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e011890","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-011890","article-title":"False-positive findings in Cochrane meta-analyses with and without application of trial sequential analysis: an empirical review","volume":"6","author":"Imberger","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyn179","article-title":"Can trial sequential monitoring boundaries reduce spurious inferences from meta-analyses?","volume":"38","author":"Thorlund","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3233\/MAS-130255","article-title":"Statistical methods in medical research","volume":"8","author":"Chan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Model Assis Stat Appl"},{"issue":"6042","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.6042.1008-b","article-title":"Statistics at square one","volume":"2","author":"Middleton","year":"1976","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1097\/DSS.0000000000000757","article-title":"Duration of clinical efficacy of onabotulinumtoxinA in crow's feet lines: results from two multicenter, randomized, controlled trials","volume":"42","author":"Baumann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"issue":"11","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1097\/DSS.0000000000001612","article-title":"Phase 3 study of onabotulinumtoxinA distributed between frontalis, glabellar complex, and lateral canthal areas for treatment of upper facial lines","volume":"44","author":"de Boulle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"issue":"11","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1097\/DSS.0000000000000128","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of onabotulinumtoxinA for the treatment of crows feet lines: a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial","volume":"40","author":"Carruthers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1097\/DSS.0000000000000357","article-title":"A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of repeated onabotulinumtoxinA treatments in subjects with crow's feet lines and glabellar lines","volume":"41","author":"Carruthers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"issue":"9","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1097\/DSS.0000000000000704","article-title":"Repeated onabotulinumtoxinA treatment of glabellar lines at rest over three treatment cycles","volume":"42","author":"Carruthers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-008-9199-6","article-title":"A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, two-dose comparative study of botulinum toxin type A for treating glabellar lines in Japanese subjects","volume":"32","author":"Harii","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-017-0844-9","article-title":"OnabotulinumtoxinA (Botox) in the treatment of crow's feet lines in Japanese subjects","volume":"41","author":"Harii","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1097\/DSS.0000000000002047","article-title":"Efficacy, patient-reported outcomes, and safety in male subjects treated with onabotulinumtoxinA for improvement of moderate to severe horizontal forehead lines","volume":"46","author":"Keaney","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1097\/DSS.0000000000001779","article-title":"OnabotulinumtoxinA for treatment of forehead and glabellar lines: subject-reported satisfaction and impact from a Phase 3 double-blind study","volume":"45","author":"Ogilvie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1097\/DSS.0000000000002216","article-title":"Efficacy, patient-reported outcomes, and safety for millennial subjects treated with onabotulinumtoxinA for moderate to severe horizontal forehead lines","volume":"46","author":"Palm","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.2009.01390.x","article-title":"Botulinum toxin type A for the treatment of glabellar lines in Chinese: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study","volume":"36","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2079","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000002079","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of onabotulinumtoxinA for treatment of crow's feet lines in Chinese subjects","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1097\/DSS.0000000000000220","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of onabotulinumtoxinA for treating crow's feet lines alone or in combination with glabellar lines: a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial","volume":"41","author":"Moers-Carpi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"key":"2023033111023576200_","author":"The Aesthetic Society"},{"key":"2023033111023576200_","author":"American Society of Plastic Surgeons"},{"key":"2023033111023576200_","author":"International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery"},{"key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2022.111537","article-title":"Self-construal and generalized trust predict first impressions from faces","volume":"191","author":"Meng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1068\/p170043","article-title":"Looking at faces: first-order and second-order features as determinants of facial appearance","volume":"17","author":"Rhodes","year":"1988","journal-title":"Perception"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721416683996","article-title":"First impressions from faces","volume":"26","author":"Zebrowitz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Dir Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1067\/S0190-9622(03)00909-5","article-title":"Pharmacologic denervation of frown muscles enhances baseline expression of happiness and decreases baseline expression of anger, sadness, and fear","volume":"49","author":"Heckmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6S","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PRS.0000082189.88054.35","article-title":"Botulinum toxin type A for facial aesthetic enhancement: role in facial shaping","volume":"112","author":"Fagien","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1S","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PRS.0000144795.76040.D3","article-title":"Consensus recommendations on the use of botulinum toxin type A in facial aesthetics","volume":"114","author":"Carruthers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.2165\/11530110-000000000-00000","article-title":"Botulinum toxin: examining duration of effect in facial aesthetic applications","volume":"11","author":"Flynn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199404001-00003","article-title":"Aesthetic indications for botulinum toxin injection","volume":"93","author":"Guyuron","year":"1994","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1097\/00042728-200510000-00006","article-title":"Prospective, double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, dose-ranging study of botulinum toxin type A in men with glabellar rhytids","volume":"31","author":"Carruthers","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1080\/14764170410028997","article-title":"Botulinum toxin A: a 9-month clinical and 3D in vivo profilometric crow's feet wrinkle formation study","volume":"6","author":"Levy","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Cosmetic Laser Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.2007.33115.x","article-title":"A randomized, evaluator-blinded, two-center study of the safety and effect of volume on the diffusion and efficacy of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lateral orbital rhytides","volume":"33","author":"Carruthers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2006.01605.x","article-title":"Management of the ageing eyebrow and forehead: an objective dose-response study with botulinum toxin","volume":"20","author":"Levy","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2002.124070","article-title":"Bilateral, double-blind, randomized comparison of 3 doses of botulinum toxin type A and placebo in patients with crow's feet","volume":"47","author":"Lowe","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1524-4725.2003.29114.x","article-title":"A prospective, double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, dose-ranging study of botulinum toxin type A in female subjects with horizontal forehead rhytides","volume":"29","author":"Carruthers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200003000-00046","article-title":"Temporal brow lift using botulinum toxin A","volume":"105","author":"Ahn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"34","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e213","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2018.33.e213","article-title":"Real-world evidence versus randomized controlled trial: clinical research based on electronic medical records","volume":"33","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"issue":":","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2014.00043","article-title":"The amygdalo-motor pathways and the control of facial expressions","volume":"8","author":"Gothard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"46","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18956","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1207662109","article-title":"Self-monitoring of social facial expressions in the primate amygdala and cingulate cortex","volume":"109","author":"Livneh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.1.176","article-title":"Cortical innervation of the facial nucleus in the non-human primate: a new interpretation of the effects of stroke and related subtotal brain trauma on the muscles of facial expression","volume":"124","author":"Morecraft","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1097\/01.nrl.0000138734.45742.8d","article-title":"The motor cortex and facial expression: new insights from neuroscience","volume":"10","author":"Morecraft","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurologist"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691-199407000-00003","article-title":"Functional localization of motor processes in the primary and supplementary motor areas","volume":"11","author":"Lang","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00247297","article-title":"Neuronal activity preceding self-initiated or externally timed arm movements in area 6 of monkey cortex","volume":"67","author":"Romo","year":"1987","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00342722","article-title":"The initiation of voluntary movements by the supplementary motor area","volume":"231","author":"Eccles","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2019.06.1313","article-title":"DaxibotulinumtoxinA for injection has a prolonged duration of response in the treatment of glabellar lines: pooled data from two multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 studies (SAKURA 1 and SAKURA 2)","volume":"82","author":"Bertucci","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1097\/DSS.0000000000001206","article-title":"Injectable daxibotulinumtoxinA for the treatment of glabellar lines: a phase 2, randomized, dose-ranging, double-blind, multicenter comparison with onabotulinumtoxinA and placebo","volume":"43","author":"Carruthers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.36849\/JDD.6377","article-title":"IncobotulinumtoxinA demonstrates safety and prolonged duration of effect in a dose-ranging study for glabellar lines","volume":"20","author":"Kerscher","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ojab036","DOI":"10.1093\/asjof\/ojab036","article-title":"High-dose neuromodulators: a roundtable on making sense of the data in real-world clinical practice","volume":"3","author":"Fabi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J Open Forum"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000002004","article-title":"A comparative assessment of three formulations of botulinum toxin type A for facial rhytides: a systematic review with meta-analyses","volume":"137","author":"Bonaparte","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"12","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjab015","article-title":"Onabotulinumtoxin type-A dosage for upper face expression lines in males: a systematic review of current recommendations","volume":"41","author":"Kandari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"NP327","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjac036","article-title":"Complications of cosmetic botulinum toxin A injections to the upper face: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"42","author":"Zargaran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-020-01983-w","article-title":"A review of complications due to the use of botulinum toxin A for cosmetic indications","volume":"45","author":"Sethi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjab058","article-title":"Immunogenicity to botulinum toxin type A: a systematic review with meta-analysis across therapeutic indications","volume":"42","author":"Rahman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000008904","article-title":"Botulinum toxin type A immunogenicity across multiple indications: an overview systematic review","volume":"149","author":"Rahman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2086","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.14231","article-title":"Minimally invasive aesthetic treatment of male patients: the importance of consultation and the lower third of the face","volume":"20","author":"Mastroluca","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyp370","article-title":"Forest plots in reports of systematic reviews: a cross-sectional study reviewing current practice","volume":"39","author":"Schriger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2-4","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0270(87)90108-7","article-title":"A multiple-contact EMG recording array for mapping single muscle unit territories","volume":"21","author":"Chanaud","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(92)90200-W","article-title":"Agrin released by motor neurons induces the aggregation of acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular junctions","volume":"8","author":"Reist","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-0186(94)90108-2","article-title":"Agrin-like proteins of the neuromuscular junction","volume":"24","author":"Patthy","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"issue":"17","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9924","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.171539698","article-title":"Neural agrin controls acetylcholine receptor stability in skeletal muscle fibers","volume":"98","author":"Bezakova","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(90)90123-L","article-title":"An antibody to neural cell adhesion molecule impairs motor nerve terminal sprouting in a mouse muscle locally paralysed with botulinum toxin","volume":"35","author":"Booth","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"17","key":"2023033111023576200_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3077","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-012-1209-9","article-title":"Structural mechanisms of the agrin-LRP4-MuSK signaling pathway in neuromuscular junction differentiation","volume":"70","author":"Zong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"}],"container-title":["Aesthetic Surgery Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/asj\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/asj\/sjac253\/47224169\/sjac253.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/asj\/article-pdf\/43\/2\/215\/49714124\/sjac253.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/asj\/article-pdf\/43\/2\/215\/49714124\/sjac253.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,26]],"date-time":"2023-11-26T22:31:43Z","timestamp":1701037903000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/asj\/article\/43\/2\/215\/6696872"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]]},"references-count":105,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/asj\/sjac253","relation":{},"ISSN":["1090-820X","1527-330X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1090-820X","type":"print"},{"value":"1527-330X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]]}}}