{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T17:00:09Z","timestamp":1788541209562,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Opening the neck through a submental incision allows accurate management of deep neck structures and results in exceptional neck contours.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The authors aimed to evaluate the distribution of deep neck structures and investigate the detailed vascular anatomy of the submandibular gland.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 26 fresh frozen cadaver heads (15 female, 11 male) were utilized. The authors evaluated the weights of the excised tissues simulating cosmetic resections, including subcutaneous fat, subplatysmal fat, the anterior belly of the digastric muscle, and submandibular glands. The vascular supply of the submandibular gland and intracapsular vessel diameters were also investigated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Whereas female cadavers had greater mean tissue weight removed from the supraplatysmal plane (mean 20.9 g, 56.6%) than the subplatysmal plane (16 g, 43.4%), male cadavers had higher mean tissue weight removed from the subplatysmal plane (10.5 g, 60.7%) than the supraplatysmal plane (mean 6.8 g, 39.3%). The mean subcutaneous (6.8 g) and subplatysmal (6.4 g) fat weights were almost equal in male cadavers; mean subcutaneous fat weight (20.9 g) was 3 times higher than subplatysmal fat weight (6.8 g) in female cadavers. There was a statistically significant relationship between body mass index and fat removed. The intraglandular vessel diameters increased as resections approached the main feeding vessels located posterosuperior (facial artery) and anterosuperior (submental artery) to the submandibular gland.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results suggest that to achieve exceptional neck contour the structures deep to the platysma often need to be addressed. The submandibular gland reduction can be safely performed with comprehensive understanding of its vascular anatomy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjad079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,26]],"date-time":"2023-03-26T23:56:53Z","timestamp":1679875013000},"page":"805-816","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Deep Neck Contouring With a Focus on Submandibular Gland Vascularity: A Cadaver Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Ozcan","family":"Cakmak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuat","family":"Buyuklu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mallappa","family":"Kolar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David Edward James","family":"Whitehead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erhan","family":"Gezer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sel\u00e7uk","family":"Tunal\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2023090113413554100_sjad079-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1067\/maj.2000.105052","article-title":"Importance of the digastric muscle in cervical contouring: an update","volume":"20","author":"Connel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023090113413554100_sjad079-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cps.2008.05.002","article-title":"Advanced considerations determining procedure selection in cervicoplasty. Part 1: anatomy and aesthetics","volume":"35","author":"Ramirez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Plast Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023090113413554100_sjad079-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000000712","article-title":"Neck lift my way: an update","volume":"134","author":"Feldman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023090113413554100_sjad079-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000001526","article-title":"Submandibular gland reduction in aesthetic surgery of the neck: review of 112 consecutive cases","volume":"136","author":"Mendelson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023090113413554100_sjad079-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjw107","article-title":"Subplatysmal necklift: a retrospective analysis of 504 patients","volume":"37","author":"Auersvald","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023090113413554100_sjad079-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cps.2018.06.002","article-title":"Neck lift: defining anatomic problems and choosing appropriate treatment strategies","volume":"45","author":"Marten","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Plast Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023090113413554100_sjad079-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cps.2018.05.002","article-title":"Reduction neck lift: the importance of the deep structures of the neck to the successful neck lift","volume":"45","author":"Bravo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Plastic Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"2023090113413554100_sjad079-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjab056","article-title":"Optimizing outcomes in neck lift surgery","volume":"41","author":"O\u2019Daniel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"key":"2023090113413554100_sjad079-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.20517\/2347-9264.2020.192","article-title":"A layered approach to neck lift","volume":"8","author":"Weinstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plast Aesthet Res"},{"issue":"20","key":"2023090113413554100_sjad079-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053","article-title":"World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects","volume":"310","author":"World Medical Association","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023090113413554100_sjad079-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199705010-00016","article-title":"The significance of digastric muscle contouring for the rejuvenation of the submental area of the face","volume":"99","author":"Connell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023090113413554100_sjad079-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000076507.50053.08","article-title":"Submandibular gland 1: an anatomic evaluation and surgical approach to submandibular gland resection for facial rejuvenation","volume":"112","author":"Singer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023090113413554100_sjad079-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(94)90220-8","article-title":"Distribution of submental fat in relationship to the platysma muscle","volume":"77","author":"Renaut","year":"1994","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023090113413554100_sjad079-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1177\/1090820X12452554","article-title":"An anatomic basis for volumetric evaluation of the neck","volume":"32","author":"Raveendran","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023090113413554100_sjad079-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1177\/1090820X14526406","article-title":"Defining the fat compartments in the neck: a cadaver study","volume":"34","author":"Larson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023090113413554100_sjad079-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-196412000-00007","article-title":"The surgical correction of the \u201cturkey gobbler\u201d deformity","volume":"34","author":"Adamson","year":"1964","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"2023090113413554100_sjad079-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2014.11.029","article-title":"The sexual dimorphism of obesity.","volume":"402","author":"Palmer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023090113413554100_sjad079-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1757729","article-title":"Deep neck lift: defining anatomical problems and choosing appropriate treatment strategies","volume":"38","author":"Marten","year":"2022","journal-title":"Facial Plast Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023090113413554100_sjad079-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000007424","article-title":"The effect of age on fat distribution in the neck using volumetric computed tomography","volume":"147","author":"Orra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023090113413554100_sjad079-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.5603\/FM.a2020.0105","article-title":"A cadaveric analysis of anatomical variations of the anterior belly of the digastric muscle","volume":"80","author":"Anderson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Folia Morphol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023090113413554100_sjad079-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjac233","article-title":"Volumetric assessment of the anterior digastric muscles: a deeper understanding of the volumetric changes with aging","volume":"43","author":"McCleary","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023090113413554100_sjad079-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199111000-00005","article-title":"Aesthetic resection of the submandibular salivary gland","volume":"88","author":"de Pina","year":"1991","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023090113413554100_sjad079-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1259\/dmfr.25.2.9446980","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of the submandibular gland using computed tomography","volume":"25","author":"Yonetsu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Dentomaxillofac Radiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023090113413554100_sjad079-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1349356","article-title":"Radiologic measurement of submandibular gland ptosis","volume":"29","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Facial Plast Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023090113413554100_sjad079-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1097\/RCT.0b013e31827b4729","article-title":"Age-related relaxo-volumetric quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of the major salivary glands","volume":"37","author":"Saito","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Comput Assist Tomogr"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023090113413554100_sjad079-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjac129","article-title":"The submandibular gland and the aging neck: a longitudinal volumetric study","volume":"45","author":"Sawan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg"},{"issue":"11","key":"2023090113413554100_sjad079-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjac129","article-title":"Age-related changes in the submandibular gland: an imaging study of gland ptosis versus volume","volume":"42","author":"McCleary","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"issue":"9","key":"2023090113413554100_sjad079-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"NP1218","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjab132","article-title":"Perception of risk among aesthetic plastic surgeons","volume":"41","author":"Sherif","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023090113413554100_sjad079-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-019-01546-8","article-title":"Partial removal of the submaxillary gland for aesthetic indications: a systematic review and critical analysis of the evidence","volume":"44","author":"Benslimane","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aesth Plast Surg"},{"key":"2023090113413554100_sjad079-B30","first-page":"410","volume-title":"Aesthetic Surgery of the Facial Mosaic","author":"Nahai","year":"2007","edition":"1st ed."},{"key":"2023090113413554100_sjad079-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1055\/b-006-160990","volume-title":"Neck lift","author":"Feldman","year":"2006","edition":"1st ed."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023090113413554100_sjad079-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cps.2018.06.011","article-title":"Understanding deep neck anatomy and its clinical relevance","volume":"45","author":"O\u2019Daniel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Plast Surg"},{"key":"2023090113413554100_sjad079-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cps.2018.06.001","article-title":"Management of the submandibular gland in neck lifts: indications, techniques, pearls, and pitfalls","volume":"45(4)","author":"Auersvald","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Plastic Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023090113413554100_sjad079-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1097\/00029330-200707010-00013","article-title":"Anatomy of arteries and veins of submandibular glands","volume":"120","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023090113413554100_sjad079-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2020.04.004","article-title":"Vascular clinical anatomy of the submandibular gland","volume":"48","author":"Garcia-Serrano","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023090113413554100_sjad079-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2010.03.006","article-title":"Microanatomic study of the vascular and duct system of the submandibular gland","volume":"69","author":"Xu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023090113413554100_sjad079-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/s0007-1226(03)00100-0","article-title":"Preservation of the facial artery in excision of the submandibular salivary gland","volume":"56","author":"Talmi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Plast Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023090113413554100_sjad079-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yacs.2020.01.010","article-title":"Deep neck lifting: an introduction to comprehensive management of the deep fat, perihyoid fascia, digastric muscles, and submandibular glands","volume":"3","author":"O\u2019Daniel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Cosmet Surg"}],"container-title":["Aesthetic Surgery Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/asj\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/asj\/sjad079\/50301480\/sjad079.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/asj\/article-pdf\/43\/8\/805\/51328471\/sjad079.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/asj\/article-pdf\/43\/8\/805\/51328471\/sjad079.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T11:30:52Z","timestamp":1693567852000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/asj\/article\/43\/8\/805\/7086185"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/asj\/sjad079","relation":{},"ISSN":["1090-820X","1527-330X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1090-820X","type":"print"},{"value":"1527-330X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]]}}}