{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:13:09Z","timestamp":1787238789928,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]],"date-time":"2023-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021771","name":"Student Research Committee","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021771","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005851","name":"Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005851","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>\u00a0<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Performance of female genital cosmetic and reconstructive procedures (FGCRP) has been increasing over past decades. Appearance and functional concerns are the most common reasons for seeking FGCRP. Poor body and genital self-image may contribute to the increase in demand for surgery. The aim of this systematic review is to explore outcomes of FGCRP in the domains of body and genital self-image. A systematic literature review of PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, PsycINFO, Embase, and the Cochrane Library was conducted to identify articles that measured body and genital self-image in females after FGCRP. The authors identified 5 articles for a systematic review of body image and 8 studies for a systematic review of genital self-image. The most common procedure performed was labia minora labiaplasty. Instruments for body image evaluation were the Yale\u2013Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale Modified for Body Dysmorphic Disorder and the Body Image Quality of Life Inventory. Genital image was assessed with the Female Genital Self-Image Scale and Genital Appearance Satisfaction (GAS) scale. Most of the studies indicated that FGCRP can improve both body image and genital self-image; meta-analysis revealed that FGCRP improved GAS scores by 17.96 (range: 0-33; P &amp;lt; .001). It appears that FGCRP leads to improvements in females\u2019 body and genital self-image. Inconsistencies in study design and measures, however, limit this conclusion. Future research should involve more rigorous study designs (for example randomized clinical trials with large sample sizes) for a more accurate assessment of FGCRP's consequences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence: 4<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p\/>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjad109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]],"date-time":"2023-04-20T09:52:29Z","timestamp":1681984349000},"page":"1161-1173","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["The Effect of Female Genital Cosmetic and Reconstructive Procedures on Body and Genital Self-Image: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9706-9052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Alavi-Arjas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3880-7822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael P","family":"Goodman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masoumeh","family":"Simbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamid Alavi","family":"Majd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gemma","family":"Sharp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Nahidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2023091517501677200_sjad109-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1097\/OGX.0000000000000559","article-title":"Vaginal rejuvenation: a review of female genital cosmetic surgery","volume":"73","author":"Wilkie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Surv"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2023091517501677200_sjad109-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjac116","article-title":"Aesthetic Plastic Surgery National Databank Statistics 2020-2021","volume":"42","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023091517501677200_sjad109-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjab353","article-title":"Commentary on: labiaplasty: the stigma persists","volume":"42","author":"Goodman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"issue":"8","key":"2023091517501677200_sjad109-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjz254","article-title":"The role of pornography, physical symptoms, and appearance in labiaplasty interest","volume":"40","author":"Sorice-Virk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"issue":"7","key":"2023091517501677200_sjad109-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3660","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000003660","article-title":"The safe practice of female genital plastic surgery","volume":"9","author":"Furnas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open"},{"key":"2023091517501677200_sjad109-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41443-022-00621-0","article-title":"Sexual activities and experiences in women who underwent genital cosmetic surgery: a cross-sectional study using data from the German health and sexuality survey (GeSiD)","author":"Koops","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Impot Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023091517501677200_sjad109-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogoh.2021.102102","article-title":"Female genital cosmetic surgery (FGCS): evaluation of YouTube videos","volume":"50","author":"Erdogan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Gynecol. Obstet. Hum. Reprod"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023091517501677200_sjad109-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1080\/08952841.2018.1529474","article-title":"Plastic surgery in gynaecology: factors affecting women's decision to undergo labiaplasty. Mind the risk of body dysmorphic disorder: a review","volume":"32","author":"M\u00fcllerov\u00e1","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Women Aging"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023091517501677200_sjad109-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1080\/13691058.2019.1574029","article-title":"Pathologising diversity: medical websites offering female genital cosmetic surgery in Australia","volume":"22","author":"Chibnall","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cult. Health Sex"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023091517501677200_sjad109-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-015-0271-5","article-title":"The contribution of online content to the promotion and normalisation of female genital cosmetic surgery: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"15","author":"Mowat","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023091517501677200_sjad109-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjv270","article-title":"Factors that influence the decision to undergo labiaplasty: media, relationships, and psychological well-being","volume":"36","author":"Sharp","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023091517501677200_sjad109-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000003181","article-title":"Why women request labiaplasty","volume":"139","author":"Sorice","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023091517501677200_sjad109-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1080\/19419899.2018.1552187","article-title":"Sexual quality of life, female sexual function, female genital self- and body image among women requesting genital cosmetic surgery: a comparative study","volume":"10","author":"Eftekhar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol Sex"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023091517501677200_sjad109-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1080\/0092623X.2016.1141820","article-title":"Genital self-image and considerations of elective genital surgery","volume":"43","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Sex Marital Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023091517501677200_sjad109-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291713001025","article-title":"Psychological characteristics and motivation of women seeking labiaplasty","volume":"44","author":"Veale","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023091517501677200_sjad109-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1080\/19317611.2012.737446","article-title":"Eye of the beholder? Sociocultural factors in the body image and sexual well-being of heterosexual women","volume":"25","author":"Weaver","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Sex Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023091517501677200_sjad109-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-020-04621-w","article-title":"Outcomes of labiaplasty in women with labial hypertrophy","volume":"32","author":"Propst","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"issue":"2_Part_2","key":"2023091517501677200_sjad109-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2010.01867_2.x","article-title":"The association between sexual satisfaction and body image in women","volume":"7","author":"Pujols","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023091517501677200_sjad109-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1080\/0092623X.2019.1586018","article-title":"Genital self-image: associations with other domains of body image and sexual response","volume":"45","author":"Komarnicky","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Sex Marital Ther"},{"key":"2023091517501677200_sjad109-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n160","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n160","article-title":"PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023091517501677200_sjad109-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2753.2010.01516.x","article-title":"Assessment of study quality for systematic reviews: a comparison of the Cochrane Collaboration risk of bias tool and the Effective Public Health Practice Project quality assessment tool: methodological research","volume":"18","author":"Armijo-Olivo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Eval Clin Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023091517501677200_sjad109-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-475X.2004.04006.x","article-title":"A process for systematically reviewing the literature: providing the research evidence for public health nursing interventions","volume":"1","author":"Thomas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Worldviews Evid Based Nurs"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023091517501677200_sjad109-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.18502\/jfrh.v15i4.7892","article-title":"Body image, sexual function, and sexual satisfaction among couples before and after gynecologic cosmetic surgery","volume":"15","author":"Eftekhar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Family Reprod Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023091517501677200_sjad109-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-022-02841-7","article-title":"Trilobal methods for composite reduction labiaplasty","volume":"46","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023091517501677200_sjad109-B25","first-page":"17","article-title":"A severity rating scale for body dysmorphic disorder: development, reliability, and validity of a modified version of the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale","volume":"33","author":"Phillips","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol Bull"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023091517501677200_sjad109-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.10033","article-title":"The impact of body image experiences: development of the Body Image Quality of Life Inventory","volume":"31","author":"Cash","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"9","key":"2023091517501677200_sjad109-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjw061","article-title":"Evaluation of body image and sexual satisfaction in women undergoing female genital plastic\/cosmetic surgery","volume":"36","author":"Goodman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023091517501677200_sjad109-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1177\/074880681102800404","article-title":"The sexual, psychological, and body image health of women undergoing elective vulvovaginal plastic\/cosmetic procedures: a pilot study","volume":"28","author":"Goodman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Cosmet. Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023091517501677200_sjad109-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-013-2297-2","article-title":"Psychosexual outcome after labiaplasty: a prospective case-comparison study","volume":"25","author":"Veale","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023091517501677200_sjad109-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2010.01728.x","article-title":"Outcomes assessment: development and validation of the female genital self-image scale","volume":"7","author":"Herbenick","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023091517501677200_sjad109-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/02646830701759793","article-title":"Genital appearance satisfaction in women: the development of a questionnaire and exploration of correlates","volume":"27","author":"Bramwell","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Reprod Infant Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023091517501677200_sjad109-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2996","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-021-02488-w","article-title":"360 Genital fat transfer","volume":"45","author":"Cihantimur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023091517501677200_sjad109-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-021-02137-2","article-title":"A new modified labiaplasty combined with wedge de-epithelialization on the medial side and edge resection","volume":"45","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023091517501677200_sjad109-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000002751","article-title":"Psychological outcomes of labiaplasty: a prospective study","volume":"138","author":"Sharp","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023091517501677200_sjad109-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjw190","article-title":"A retrospective study of the psychological outcomes of labiaplasty","volume":"37","author":"Sharp","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023091517501677200_sjad109-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-017-0831-1","article-title":"Anatomy and aesthetics of the labia minora: the ideal vulva?","volume":"41","author":"Clerico","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg"},{"key":"2023091517501677200_sjad109-B37","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2000"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023091517501677200_sjad109-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2273.2000.00359.x","article-title":"Cognitive dissonance, the placebo effect and the evaluation of surgical results","volume":"25","author":"Homer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"2023091517501677200_sjad109-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjaa038","article-title":"Do genital cosmetic procedures improve women's self-esteem? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"40","author":"Sharp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023091517501677200_sjad109-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3109\/0167482X.2012.756865","article-title":"Validation of Genital Appearance Satisfaction scale and the Cosmetic Procedure Screening scale for women seeking labiaplasty","volume":"34","author":"Veale","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2023091517501677200_sjad109-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjw014","article-title":"Motivations, expectations, and experiences of labiaplasty: a qualitative study","volume":"36","author":"Sharp","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"key":"2023091517501677200_sjad109-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2020.05.010","article-title":"Sexual function in hook-up culture: the role of body image","volume":"34","author":"Ramseyer Winter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"issue":"8","key":"2023091517501677200_sjad109-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2286","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2009.01329.x","article-title":"Sexual function is related to body image perception in women with pelvic organ prolapse","volume":"6","author":"Lowenstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023091517501677200_sjad109-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-6402.2010.01584.x","article-title":"Genital appearance dissatisfaction: implications for women's genital image self-consciousness, sexual esteem, sexual satisfaction, and sexual risk","volume":"34","author":"Schick","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol Women Q"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023091517501677200_sjad109-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499.2010.499522","article-title":"An evaluation of the relationship between body image and sexual avoidance","volume":"48","author":"La Rocque","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Sex Res"},{"key":"2023091517501677200_sjad109-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2018.12.004","article-title":"A review of research linking body image and sexual well-being","volume":"31","author":"Gillen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"issue":"2-3","key":"2023091517501677200_sjad109-B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499.2012.658586","article-title":"Body image and female sexual functioning and behavior: a review","volume":"49","author":"Woertman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Sex Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023091517501677200_sjad109-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.5993\/AJHB.38.6.3","article-title":"Body image and HIV risk among college students","volume":"38","author":"Gillen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Health Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023091517501677200_sjad109-B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjz325","article-title":"Measuring quality of life in female genital cosmetic procedure patients: a systematic review of patient-reported outcome measures","volume":"40","author":"Sharp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"}],"container-title":["Aesthetic Surgery Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/asj\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/asj\/sjad109\/50459222\/sjad109.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/asj\/article-pdf\/43\/10\/1161\/51605222\/sjad109.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/asj\/article-pdf\/43\/10\/1161\/51605222\/sjad109.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T13:51:52Z","timestamp":1694785912000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/asj\/article\/43\/10\/1161\/7133185"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/asj\/sjad109","relation":{},"ISSN":["1090-820X","1527-330X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1090-820X","type":"print"},{"value":"1527-330X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]]}}}