{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T04:29:17Z","timestamp":1785472157528,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]],"date-time":"2024-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Several psychological risk factors are associated with patient dissatisfaction with aesthetic procedures, such as body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), unmanaged mental health concerns, and unrealistic expectations. Identifying these risks by preoperative screening may protect patients from adverse psychological outcomes and provide reputational or legal protection for practitioners.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In this study we aimed to further develop and validate the Cosmetic Readiness Questionnaire (CRQ), a comprehensive psychological screening tool to assess patient suitability for surgical and nonsurgical aesthetic procedures.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The CRQ was validated across 2 studies in clinical contexts, examining structural and construct validity in a sample of 8031 individuals who completed the CRQ as part of routine clinical care. In a further sample (n = 574), criterion validity was explored through the relationship between the CRQ and dissatisfaction with past aesthetic treatments. Risk category cutoff scores were developed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Results supported the reliability and validity of a 5-factor CRQ that measured body dysmorphia, psychological distress, self-criticism, unrealistic expectations, and lack of openness. High scorers on the CRQ were 78% more likely to report dissatisfaction with a past cosmetic procedure than low scorers.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The CRQ is a comprehensive and valid screening measure for identifying patients who may require further psychological assessment or additional support before aesthetic treatment. Instructions are provided on how to implement the CRQ in clinical practice.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Level of Evidence: 3 (Diagnostic)<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p\/>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjae207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]],"date-time":"2024-10-08T06:52:49Z","timestamp":1728370369000},"page":"208-214","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The Cosmetic Readiness Questionnaire (CRQ): Validation of a Preoperative Psychological Screening Tool for Aesthetic Procedures"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7953-9030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toni D","family":"Pikoos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Buchanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Hegarty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan L","family":"Rossell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025011613014734900_sjae207-B1"},{"key":"2025011613014734900_sjae207-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s00238-022-01987-6","article-title":"The effect of cosmetic surgery on self-esteem and body image: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trial studies","volume":"46","author":"Kazeminia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Plast Surg"},{"key":"2025011613014734900_sjae207-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PRS.0000110214.88868.CA","article-title":"A review of psychosocial outcomes for patients seeking cosmetic surgery","volume":"113","author":"Honigman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"2025011613014734900_sjae207-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867421998753","article-title":"Is the needle as risky as the knife? The prevalence and risks of body dysmorphic disorder in women undertaking minor cosmetic procedures","volume":"55","author":"Pikoos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025011613014734900_sjae207-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1089\/fpsam.2020.0247","article-title":"Assessing unrealistic expectations in clients undertaking Minor cosmetic procedures: the development of the aesthetic procedure expectations scale","volume":"23","author":"Pikoos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Facial Plast Surg Aesthet Med"},{"key":"2025011613014734900_sjae207-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000001264","article-title":"Negative predictors for satisfaction in patients seeking facial cosmetic surgery: a systematic review","volume":"135","author":"Herruer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr 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