{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T20:33:28Z","timestamp":1792096408923,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,9]],"date-time":"2025-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014918","name":"British Association of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014918","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Heightened rates of psychological distress and mental health disorders are observed in aesthetic surgery populations and are frequently cited as motivating factors for the pursuit of such procedures. Although mental health disorders are often considered a contraindication due to the risk of adverse outcomes posttreatment, the therapeutic benefits of aesthetic surgery are well documented and can lead to the resolution of distress and disorders. This paper presents a literature review of the psychosocial health outcomes for such populations and the associated clinical guidance for clinicians. A review of the literature indicates that although for a minority of patients the presence of psychological or a mental health disorder can increase the risk of poor posttreatment outcomes, the majority of aesthetic surgery patients achieve positive psychosocial and psychological outcomes. These include the resolution of depression, anxiety, and eating disorder and personality disorder symptomatology, as well as enhanced functioning in several key life domains and improvements in body image, self-esteem, and overall quality of life, indicating that aesthetic surgery provides a significant therapeutic function. This literature review concludes that the presence of a psychological or mental health disorder is not necessarily a contraindication for aesthetic surgery and should not automatically preclude patients from treatment. Psychological screening, informed by validated assessment measures developed for aesthetic surgical clinics and general hospital settings, should be an integral aspect of pretreatment processes. This ensures prompt identification of those at elevated risk for poor posttreatment outcomes, enabling timely referral for comprehensive psychological risk assessment and treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjaf117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,22]],"date-time":"2025-06-22T07:35:26Z","timestamp":1750577726000},"page":"S62-S65","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Psychological Health Benefits of Aesthetic Surgery"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Lucy","family":"Kozlowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B1","first-page":"e6","article-title":"The prevalence of psychiatric disorders among elective plastic surgery patients","volume":"19","author":"Jang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eplasty"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ojac077","DOI":"10.1093\/asjof\/ojac077","article-title":"The psychological impact of aesthetic surgery: a mini-review","volume":"13","author":"Jones","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J Open Forum"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1598071","article-title":"Psychology of the facelift patient","volume":"33","author":"Sarcus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Facial Plast Surg"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijwd.2017.09.007","article-title":"Cosmetic surgery and body dysmorphic disorder\u2014an update","volume":"4","author":"Higgins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Women Dermatol"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1721868","article-title":"Psychiatric assessment and management of clients undergoing cosmetic surgery: overview and need for an integrated approach","volume":"54","author":"Bascarane","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J Plast Surg"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1097\/PSN.0b013e31818ea832","article-title":"Motivating factors for seeking cosmetic surgery: a synthesis of the literature","volume":"28","author":"Haas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plast Surg Nurs"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1177\/22925503120200040","article-title":"Factors that motivate people to undergo cosmetic surgery","volume":"20","author":"Furnham","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can J Plast Surg"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1177\/0301006617714214","article-title":"Perception of symmetry in aesthetic rhinoplasty patients: anthropometric, demographic, and psychological analysis","volume":"46","author":"Abbas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.29252\/wjps.8.1.69","article-title":"Iranians\u2019 perspective to cosmetic surgery: a thematic content analysis for the reasons","volume":"8","author":"Mozaffari Niya","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J Plast Surg"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1177\/147470491301100107","article-title":"Self-perceived attractiveness, romantic desirability and self-esteem: a mating sociometer perspective","volume":"11","author":"Bale","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evol Psychol"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8240.1997.tb00915.x","article-title":"Improving self-esteem by improving physical attractiveness","volume":"9","author":"Patzer","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Esthet Dent"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2016.08.007","article-title":"Attractive celebrity and peer images on Instagram: effect on women's mood and body image","volume":"19","author":"Brown","year":"2016","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1037\/10312-000","volume-title":"Exacting Beauty: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment of Body Image Disturbance","author":"Thompson","year":"1999"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1093\/clipsy.bpi053","article-title":"The influence of sociocultural factors on body image: a meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Cafri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Sci Pract"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3355","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-019-00282-1","article-title":"Effects of social media use on desire for cosmetic surgery among young women","volume":"40","author":"Walker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Psychol"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105320988312","article-title":"Celebrity influence on body image and eating disorders: a review","volume":"27","author":"Brown","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Health Psychol"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1089\/fpsam.2020.0279","article-title":"Video conferencing impact on facial appearance: looking beyond the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"22","author":"Cristel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Facial Plast Surg Aesthet Med"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1089\/fpsam.2020.0454","article-title":"A pandemic of dysmorphia: \u201cZooming\u201d into the perception of our appearance","volume":"22","author":"Rice","year":"2020","journal-title":"Facial Plast Surg Aesthet Med"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-017-0882-3","article-title":"Analysis of the factors affecting men's attitudes toward cosmetic surgery: body image, media exposure, social network use, masculine gender role stress and religious attitudes","volume":"41","author":"Abbas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2018.2357","article-title":"Self-reported patient motivations for seeking cosmetic procedures","volume":"154","author":"Maisel","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702612471660","article-title":"Well-being from the knife? Psychological effects of aesthetic surgery","volume":"1","author":"Margraf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Sci"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"em353","DOI":"10.29333\/ejgm\/11564","article-title":"A qualitative study of Iranian candidates\u2019 awareness, expectations and motivational factors related to nose job surgery (rhinoplasty)","volume":"19","author":"Najjarzadehghalati","year":"2022","journal-title":"Electron J Gen Med"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sap.0000171444.79737.70","article-title":"Quality of life after breast reduction","volume":"55","author":"Hermans","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B24","first-page":"189","article-title":"Body contouring following massive weight loss","volume":"107","author":"Boswell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mo Med"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105310367531","article-title":"Women's reasons for seeking breast reduction: a qualitative investigation","volume":"16","author":"Reardon","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Health Psychol"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.47611\/jsrhs.v10i2.1494","article-title":"Reduction mammoplasties in adolescents: examining motivations and resources available to patients","volume":"10","author":"Joo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Stud Res"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e31825dc301","article-title":"What motivates secondary rhinoplasty? A study of 150 consecutive patients","volume":"130","author":"Constantian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-011-0551-6","article-title":"After massive weight loss: patients\u2019 expectations of body contouring surgery","volume":"22","author":"Kitzinger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obes Surg"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.11124\/JBISRIR-2016-003182","article-title":"Quality of life among adults following bariatric and body contouring surgery: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Gilmartin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Database System Rev Implement Rep"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000110214.88868.ca","article-title":"A review of psychosocial outcomes for patients seeking cosmetic surgery","volume":"113","author":"Honigman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1097\/00000637-199711000-00001","article-title":"Reduction mammaplasty in patients with bulimia nervosa","volume":"39","author":"Losee","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-012-9917-y","article-title":"The effects of aesthetic breast augmentation on quality of life, psychological distress, and eating disorder symptoms: a prospective study","volume":"36","author":"Saariniemi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aesth Plast Surg"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2018.12.020","article-title":"Aesthetic abdominoplasty has a positive impact on quality of life prospectively","volume":"72","author":"Papadopulos","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1080\/2000656X.2022.2050251","article-title":"Depressive symptoms before and after abdominoplasty among post-bariatric patients\u2014a cohort study","volume":"56","author":"Nielsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Plast Surg Hand Surg"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s44202-024-00126-5","article-title":"Psychological implications and quality of life after cosmetic rhinoplasty: a systematic review","volume":"4","author":"Katamanin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Discov Psychol"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000000023","article-title":"Understanding the effect of breast augmentation on quality of life: prospective analysis using the BREAST-Q","volume":"133","author":"Alderman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e318254b3bc","article-title":"The magnitude of effect of cosmetic breast augmentation on patient satisfaction and health-related quality of life","volume":"130","author":"McCarthy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anplas.2012.09.004","article-title":"Evaluation of the psychological benefits of breast augmentation for aesthetic purposes. Results of a multicenter prospective study of a series of 181 patients","volume":"58","author":"Penaud","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Chir Plast Esthet"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1080\/02844310903258910","article-title":"Breast reduction alleviates depression and anxiety and restores self-esteem: a prospective randomised clinical trial","volume":"43","author":"Saariniemi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1080\/02844310902891513","article-title":"Clinical outcome, quality of life, patients\u2019 satisfaction, and aesthetic results, after reduction mammaplasty","volume":"43","author":"Eggert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1177\/1090820X12472980","article-title":"Analysis of satisfaction and well-being in the short follow-up from breast augmentation using the BREAST-Q, a validated survey instrument","volume":"33","author":"Coriddi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asj.2008.04.006","article-title":"Self-esteem and functional capacity outcomes following reduction mammaplasty","volume":"28","author":"Neto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aesth Surg Jour"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1001\/archfaci.10.2.79","article-title":"Impact of cosmetic facial surgery on satisfaction with appearance and quality of life","volume":"10","author":"Litner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Facial Plast Surg"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2019.03.020","article-title":"Evaluation of the effects of open and closed rhinoplasty on the psychosocial stress level and quality of life of rhinoplasty patients","volume":"72","author":"G\u00f6k\u00e7e K\u00fct\u00fck","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000001159","article-title":"Assessing patient-reported satisfaction with appearance and quality of life following rhinoplasty using the FACE-Q appraisal scales","volume":"135","author":"Schwitzer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1097\/00000637-199109000-00004","article-title":"A prospective study of patients\u2019 psychological reactions to rhinoplasty","volume":"27","author":"Goin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197232","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/197232","article-title":"Abdominoplasty improves quality of life, psychological distress, and eating disorder symptoms: a prospective study","volume":"2014","author":"Saariniemi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plast Surg Int"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e461","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000000440","article-title":"Does liposuction improve body image and symptoms of eating disorders?","volume":"3","author":"Saariniemi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2002.tb04593.x","article-title":"Does cosmetic surgery improve psychosocial wellbeing?","volume":"176","author":"Castle","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e318199f63f","article-title":"Preventing postsurgical dissatisfaction syndrome after rhinoplasty with propranolol: a pilot study","volume":"123","author":"Gruber","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plast Reconstructive Surg"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6312","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-10302-z","article-title":"The effect of preoperative patient- reported anxiety on morbidity and mortality outcomes in patients undergoing major general surgery","volume":"12","author":"Kassahun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MLR.0000093487.78664.3C","article-title":"The patient health questionnaire-2: validity of a two-item depression screener","volume":"41","author":"Kroenke","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x","article-title":"The hospital anxiety and depression scale","volume":"67","author":"Zigmond","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1136\/ewjm.172.3.164","article-title":"The SCOFF questionnaire: a new screening tool for eating disorders","volume":"172","author":"Morgan","year":"2000","journal-title":"West J Med"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.17.6.568.25355","article-title":"A screening measure for BPD: the McLean screening instrument for borderline personality disorder (MSI-BPD)","volume":"17","author":"Zanarini","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pers Disord"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2004.10.001","article-title":"Measuring \u201cnegative body image\u201d: validation of the body image disturbance questionnaire in a non-clinical population","volume":"1","author":"Cash","year":"2004","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B57","author":"Phillips"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0b013e3181d50e54","article-title":"The PreFACE: a preoperative psychosocial screen for elective facial cosmetic surgery and cosmetic dentistry patients","volume":"66","author":"Honigman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1054\/bjps.2001.3559","article-title":"The Derriford Appearance Scale (DAS59): a new psychometric scale for the evaluation of patients with disfigurements and aesthetic problems of appearance","volume":"54","author":"Harris","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Plast Surg"},{"key":"2025081222320106600_sjaf117-B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949610500601","article-title":"Measuring patient benefit from otorhinolaryngological surgery and therapy","volume":"105","author":"Robinson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"}],"container-title":["Aesthetic Surgery Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/asj\/article-pdf\/45\/Supplement_2\/S62\/63993695\/sjaf117.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/asj\/article-pdf\/45\/Supplement_2\/S62\/63993695\/sjaf117.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T02:32:15Z","timestamp":1755052335000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/asj\/article\/45\/Supplement_2\/S62\/8228850"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,9]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Supplement_2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/asj\/sjaf117","relation":{},"ISSN":["1090-820X","1527-330X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1090-820X","type":"print"},{"value":"1527-330X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,9]]}}}