{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T03:01:47Z","timestamp":1792724507036,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Partial parotidectomy during neck lift surgery enhances posterior jawline definition by deepening the retromandibular groove. This limited parotidectomy, performed without formal facial nerve trunk identification (Bravo type I), streamlines the overall procedure, saving time in a typically lengthy face and neck lift. There is at present no in vivo data on anatomical parameters relevant to a Type I parotidectomy.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The purpose of the authors of this study is to determine the anatomy of the facial nerve in vivo relevant to partial parotidectomy surgery in neck lift procedures.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 118 parotidectomy cases were carried out between June 20, 2022 and March 5, 2025. Measurements of the depth of the facial nerve trunk and its inferior division were carried out intraoperatively. Data were recorded prospectively and analyzed statistically.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Thirty-six patients (male:female = 20:16), median age 62 years (range, 31-84 years), were included in the study. The facial nerve trunk depth was measured at 23 (standard deviation [SD] 2.0) mm, and the inferior division depth at 15 (SD 2.3) mm from the skin surface. BMI correlated moderately with the depth of the facial nerve trunk (Pearson coefficient 0.6, P &amp;lt; .001), but weakly with the inferior division (Pearson coefficient 0.2, P = .3). There was 1 case of temporary marginal mandibular palsy and 1 case of temporary pan-facial palsy. Both recovered spontaneously at 4 and 6 months, respectively. There was 1 case of sialocele managed with percutaneous aspiration.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Type I parotidectomy may be effectively and safely integrated within face and neck lift surgery through a thorough understanding of the relevant facial nerve anatomy.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Level of Evidence: 4 (Therapeutic)<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p\/>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjaf126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T08:23:07Z","timestamp":1750839787000},"page":"1101-1108","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["In vivo Anatomy of the Facial Nerve: Implications for Partial Parotidectomy in Neck Lift Surgery"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4011-1253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sydney","family":"Ch\u2019ng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco G","family":"Bravo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101609023808200_sjaf126-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1177\/1090820X12442083","article-title":"Mirror on the wall: a study of women's perception of facial features as they age","volume":"32","author":"Sezgin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"key":"2025101609023808200_sjaf126-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cps.2018.05.002","article-title":"Reduction neck lift: the importance of the deep structures of the neck to the successful neck lift","volume":"45","author":"Bravo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Plast Surg"},{"key":"2025101609023808200_sjaf126-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000001526","article-title":"Submandibular gland reduction in aesthetic surgery of the neck: review of 112 consecutive cases","volume":"136","author":"Mendelson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"2025101609023808200_sjaf126-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181b98cce","article-title":"Superficial parotidectomy for rhytidectomy contour refinement","volume":"124","author":"Thomas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"2025101609023808200_sjaf126-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000435971.09921.90","article-title":"Submandibular and parotid gland reduction in facelift surgery","volume":"132","author":"Bravo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"2025101609023808200_sjaf126-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"NP132","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjad321","article-title":"The mastoid crevasse and 3-dimensional considerations in deep plane neck lifting","volume":"44","author":"Talei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"key":"2025101609023808200_sjaf126-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjad362","article-title":"Progressive contouring of the platysma with barbed sutures","volume":"44","author":"Sozer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"key":"2025101609023808200_sjaf126-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cps.2021.12.002","article-title":"Neck contouring and rejuvenation in male patients through dual-plane reduction neck lift","volume":"49","author":"Bravo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Plast Surg"},{"key":"2025101609023808200_sjaf126-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e318254b290","article-title":"Discussion: updating the concepts on neck lift and lower third of the face","volume":"130","author":"Hidalgo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"2025101609023808200_sjaf126-B10","first-page":"5","volume-title":"Loose and Hopper: Craniofacial, Head and Neck Surgery, Pediatric Surgery","author":"Ch\u2019ng","year":"2023"},{"key":"2025101609023808200_sjaf126-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13080821","article-title":"Age-related changes in segmental body composition by ethnicity and history of weight change across the adult lifespan","volume":"13","author":"Tian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2025101609023808200_sjaf126-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2015.00109","article-title":"Age-associated weight gain, leptin, and SIRT1: a possible role for hypothalamic SIRT1 in the prevention of weight gain and aging through modulation of leptin sensitivity","volume":"6","author":"Sasaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"2025101609023808200_sjaf126-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198012000-00003","article-title":"Visual criteria for success in restoring the youthful neck","volume":"66","author":"Ellenbogen","year":"1980","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"2025101609023808200_sjaf126-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000209406.80690.9f","article-title":"Neck rejuvenation revisited","volume":"118","author":"Rohrich","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"2025101609023808200_sjaf126-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjaf013","article-title":"Revisiting visual criteria of the ideal neck in the young Caucasian female","volume":"45","author":"Halani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"key":"2025101609023808200_sjaf126-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.5935\/1808-8694.20130031","article-title":"Fat deposition of parotid glands","volume":"79","author":"Garcia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Braz J Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"2025101609023808200_sjaf126-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-008-0598-8","article-title":"Salivary gland biometry in female patients with eating disorders","volume":"265","author":"Bozzato","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"2025101609023808200_sjaf126-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.41.8.837","article-title":"Histological analysis of parotid and submandibular glands in chronic alcohol abuse: a necropsy study","volume":"41","author":"Scott","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"2025101609023808200_sjaf126-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2006.10.003","article-title":"Assessment of age-related morphological and functional changes of selected structures of the head and neck by computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography","volume":"37","author":"Mahne","year":"2007","journal-title":"Semin Nucl Med Mar"},{"key":"2025101609023808200_sjaf126-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1097\/RCT.0b013e31827b4729","article-title":"Age-related relaxo-volumetric quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of the major salivary glands","volume":"37","author":"Saito","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Comput Assist Tomogr"},{"key":"2025101609023808200_sjaf126-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1349356","article-title":"Radiologic measurement of submandibular gland ptosis","volume":"29","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Facial Plast Surg"},{"key":"2025101609023808200_sjaf126-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjac129","article-title":"Age-related changes in the submandibular gland: an imaging study of gland ptosis versus volume","volume":"42","author":"McCleary","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"key":"2025101609023808200_sjaf126-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjac167","article-title":"Commentary on: age-related changes in the submandibular gland: an imaging study of gland ptosis versus volume","volume":"42","author":"Bravo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"key":"2025101609023808200_sjaf126-B24","author":"Lambros"},{"key":"2025101609023808200_sjaf126-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1177\/1090820X14526406","article-title":"Defining the fat compartments in the neck: a cadaver study","volume":"34","author":"Larson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"key":"2025101609023808200_sjaf126-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1067\/mhn.2001.112484","article-title":"Salivary flow dynamics after parotid surgery: a preliminary report","volume":"124","author":"Chaushu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Otolaryn\u2014Head and Neck Surg"},{"key":"2025101609023808200_sjaf126-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-197912000-00005","article-title":"Avoiding facial nerve injuries in rhytidectomy anatomical variations and pitfalls","volume":"64","author":"Baker","year":"1979","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"2025101609023808200_sjaf126-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-005-0153-6","article-title":"Rhytidectomy and parotidectomy combined in the same patient","volume":"30","author":"Boynton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aesthet Plast Surg"},{"key":"2025101609023808200_sjaf126-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjae190","article-title":"Update: prevention and treatment of parotid\/submandibular gland fistula\/sialocele following rhytidectomy with botulinum toxin A","volume":"45","author":"Santos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"key":"2025101609023808200_sjaf126-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjac287","article-title":"Light-guided percutaneous neck rejuvenation with division of platysma bands and suture suspension: a multicenter retrospective study","volume":"43","author":"Gomez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"key":"2025101609023808200_sjaf126-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199004000-00008","article-title":"Depth of the facial nerve in face lift dissections","volume":"85","author":"Rudolph","year":"1990","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"2025101609023808200_sjaf126-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1002\/lio2.568","article-title":"A prospective study of patient-reported xerostomia-related outcomes after parotidectomy","volume":"6","author":"Brodie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol"},{"key":"2025101609023808200_sjaf126-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-65381-7.00062-9","volume-title":"Plastic Surgery\u2014Principles and Practice","author":"Wong","year":"2022"},{"key":"2025101609023808200_sjaf126-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000010556","article-title":"The deep fascia of the head and neck revisited: relationship with the facial nerve and implications for rhytidectomy","volume":"153","author":"Minelli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"2025101609023808200_sjaf126-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1777801","article-title":"Facial nerve considerations for the deep plane facelift and neck lift","volume":"40","author":"Azizzadeh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Facial Plast Surg"},{"key":"2025101609023808200_sjaf126-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000001244","article-title":"Anatomical considerations to prevent facial nerve injury","volume":"135","author":"Roostaeian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"2025101609023808200_sjaf126-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-2197.2009.05143.x","article-title":"Evaluating anatomical research in surgery: a prospective comparison of cadaveric and living anatomical studies of the abdominal wall","volume":"79","author":"Rozen","year":"2009","journal-title":"ANZ J Surg"},{"key":"2025101609023808200_sjaf126-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otot.2023.09.017","article-title":"The parotid gland, submandibular gland, and facial nerve in 3 dimensions: a digital anatomical model derived from radiology, peer-reviewed literature, and medical illustration","volume":"34","author":"Peraza","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oper Tech Otolayngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"2025101609023808200_sjaf126-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000010528","article-title":"The volumetric effect of botulinum toxin type A injection on the parotid gland: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"153","author":"Jeong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"2025101609023808200_sjaf126-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000000712","article-title":"Neck lift my way: an update","volume":"134","author":"Feldman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"}],"container-title":["Aesthetic Surgery Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/asj\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/asj\/sjaf126\/63579293\/sjaf126.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/asj\/article-pdf\/45\/11\/1101\/63579293\/sjaf126.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/asj\/article-pdf\/45\/11\/1101\/63579293\/sjaf126.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T13:02:51Z","timestamp":1760619771000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/asj\/article\/45\/11\/1101\/8173647"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/asj\/sjaf126","relation":{},"ISSN":["1090-820X","1527-330X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1090-820X","type":"print"},{"value":"1527-330X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]}}}