{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T18:10:15Z","timestamp":1779127815597,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007847","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["YDZJ202501ZYTS073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YDZJ202501ZYTS073"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007847","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Frontalis muscle (FM) transfer is utilized for management of severe ptosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The authors of this study aim to evaluate the long-term outcomes of FM transfer for the correction of severe congenital blepharoptosis with poor levator function in Chinese patients, with particular emphasis on the influence of intraoperative overcorrection (IOC) based on preoperative FM function (FMF).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective analysis was conducted on patients with severe congenital ptosis who underwent surgical correction through frontalis FM transfer at our institution between 2012 and 2023. All patients underwent FM transfer to correct ptosis with or without IOC. Group I (n = 48) included those who underwent IOC (upper eyelid margin 0 to 1\u2005mm above the limbus in bilateral cases, 1 to 2\u2005mm above the normal side in unilateral cases) surgery; Group II (n = 49) included those treated with intraoperative normal correction (INC; upper eyelid margin 1-2\u2005mm below the limbus in bilateral cases, aligned with the normal side in unilateral cases) surgery. Clinical data, including preoperative margin reflex distance 1 (MRD1), preoperative FMF, postoperative MRD1, and degree of lagophthalmos, were evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients were followed up postoperatively for a period ranging from 6 months to 6 years. No significant differences were observed in the mean preoperative FMF and MRD1 between groups. Both groups achieved satisfactory results postoperatively. A significant difference was observed in MRD1 improvements between Groups I and II (5.07 \u00b1 1.15 vs 4.43 \u00b1 1.22\u2005mm, respectively; P &amp;lt; .05). The mean postoperative eyelid lagophthalmos was significantly higher (P &amp;lt; .05) in Group I (0.75 \u00b1 0.78\u2005mm) than in Group II (0.37 \u00b1 0.59\u2005mm). Among the 47 eyelids with good preoperative FMF, the mean postoperative lagophthalmos was significantly higher in Group I compared with Group II. In 43 eyelids with poor preoperative FMF, MRD1 improvements differed significantly between groups; however, their postoperative lagophthalmos difference was not significant. For 49 eyelids with fair preoperative FMF, no significant differences were observed in MRD1 improvements and postoperative lagophthalmos measurements between groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>FM transfer is effective for correcting severe blepharoptosis in Chinese patients. IOC benefits postoperative MRD1 improvements; however, it increases the degree of lagophthalmos. Thus, IOC is not recommended for patients with good preoperative FMF but is required for patients with poor preoperative FMF.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence: 3 (Therapeutic)<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For image description, please refer to the figure legend and surrounding text.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjaf219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T12:42:42Z","timestamp":1762173762000},"page":"598-605","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Frontalis Muscle Transfer Technique for Correction of Severe Congenital Blepharoptosis: 11 Years of Observations Based on Frontalis Muscle Function"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Hai-Peng","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin-Xue","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shi-Meng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Duo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026051813465071500_sjaf219-B1","volume-title":"Beard's Ptosis","author":"Callahan","year":"1990","edition":"4th ed"},{"key":"2026051813465071500_sjaf219-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199803000-00005","article-title":"Blepharoptosis repair by selective use of superiorly based muscle flaps","volume":"101","author":"Park","year":"1998","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"2026051813465071500_sjaf219-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-1298(20)30372-2","article-title":"Treatment of blepharoptosis. Direct transplantation of the frontalis muscle to the upper eyelid","volume":"9","author":"Song","year":"1982","journal-title":"Clin Plast Surg"},{"key":"2026051813465071500_sjaf219-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9394(00)00467-0","article-title":"Blepharoptosis surgery complicated by late suture migration","volume":"130","author":"Foster","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2026051813465071500_sjaf219-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9394(99)00258-5","article-title":"Blepharoptosis correction with frontalis suspension using a supramid sling: duration of effect","volume":"128","author":"Liu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2026051813465071500_sjaf219-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2021.03.086","article-title":"Comparison of postoperative recurrence rates between levator aponeurosis advancement and external M\u00fcller's muscle tucking for acquired blepharoptosis","volume":"74","author":"Kokubo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"key":"2026051813465071500_sjaf219-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000191168.15581.3c","article-title":"Recurrence of blepharoptosis after a superiorly based muscle flap: treatment by frontalis muscle advancement","volume":"116","author":"Park","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"2026051813465071500_sjaf219-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000011444","article-title":"Severe blepharoptosis correction with the fixation of levator complex and conjoint fascial sheath","volume":"155","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"2026051813465071500_sjaf219-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2755","DOI":"10.1177\/1120672120951760","article-title":"Evaluation of intraoperative lagophthalmos formula for levator resection in congenital ptosis in Egyptian patients","volume":"31","author":"Rakha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2026051813465071500_sjaf219-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-017-0982-0","article-title":"Determination of the amount of ptosis correction in levator resection surgery for pediatric congenital ptosis","volume":"42","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aesth Plast Surg"},{"key":"2026051813465071500_sjaf219-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0000000000001105","article-title":"Frontalis muscle flap versus maximal anterior levator resection as first option for patients with severe congenital ptosis","volume":"34","author":"Medel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthal Plast Recons"},{"key":"2026051813465071500_sjaf219-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000010947","article-title":"Efficacy of combined conjoint fascial sheath and levator muscle composite flap suspension for congenital severe ptosis","volume":"154","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"2026051813465071500_sjaf219-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.5999\/aps.2016.43.2.172","article-title":"Ten years of results of modified frontalis muscle transfer for the correction of blepharoptosis","volume":"43","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Plast Surg"},{"key":"2026051813465071500_sjaf219-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sap.0000258456.24810.c8","article-title":"Comparison of levator resection and frontalis muscle transfer in the treatment of severe blepharoptosis","volume":"59","author":"Park","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"2026051813465071500_sjaf219-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000010368","article-title":"Extended frontalis muscle advancement technique for severe congenital blepharoptosis","volume":"152","author":"Cang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"2026051813465071500_sjaf219-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000000371","article-title":"Surgical correction of blepharoptosis using a modified levator Aponeurosis\u2013M\u00fcller muscle Complex reinsertion technique","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"2026051813465071500_sjaf219-B17","first-page":"1172","article-title":"Evaluation of the results of surgery to correct congenital ptosis of the upper eyelid","volume":"94","author":"Dayal","year":"1966","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"2026051813465071500_sjaf219-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.2100.762","article-title":"An easy operation for congenital ptosis","volume":"1","author":"Fergus","year":"1901","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"2026051813465071500_sjaf219-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1054\/bjps.1999.3149","article-title":"109 cases of blepharoptosis treated by forked frontalis muscle aponeurosis procedure with long term follow-up","volume":"52","author":"Zhang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Plast Surg"},{"key":"2026051813465071500_sjaf219-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1097\/00000637-199303000-00005","article-title":"Tripartite frontalis muscle flap transposition for blepharoptosis","volume":"30","author":"Han","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"2026051813465071500_sjaf219-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e200","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000000094","article-title":"Comparison of blepharoptosis correction using M\u00fcller-aponeurosis composite flap advancement and frontalis muscle transfer","volume":"2","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open"},{"key":"2026051813465071500_sjaf219-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3278","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2020.9053","article-title":"Clinical efficacy of conjoint fascial sheath suspension and frontalis muscle suspension in treating moderate or severe congenital ptosis and the effects on ocular surface and refractive status","volume":"20","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"2026051813465071500_sjaf219-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0246183","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246183","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of conventional and modified frontalis muscle flap advancement techniques in the treatment of severe congenital ptosis: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["Aesthetic Surgery Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/asj\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/asj\/sjaf219\/65138828\/sjaf219.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/asj\/article-pdf\/46\/6\/598\/65138828\/sjaf219.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/asj\/article-pdf\/46\/6\/598\/65138828\/sjaf219.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T17:46:59Z","timestamp":1779126419000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/asj\/article\/46\/6\/598\/8313728"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/asj\/sjaf219","relation":{},"ISSN":["1090-820X","1527-330X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1090-820X","type":"print"},{"value":"1527-330X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]}}}