{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T17:07:36Z","timestamp":1784135256647,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tranexamic acid (TXA) is widely used to reduce postoperative edema and ecchymosis; however, evidence comparing topically applied and locally injected routes following rhinoplasty remains limited and inconsistent.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of topically applied vs locally injected TXA in reducing periorbital edema and ecchymosis after primary rhinoplasty and to explore whether the route of administration influences clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this triple-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial, 75 patients undergoing primary open rhinoplasty were allocated into 3 groups: topical TXA (2.5\u2005mL of 100\u2005mg\/mL applied through a soaked pad for 5\u2005min after osteotomy), locally injected TXA (2.5\u2005mL of 100\u2005mg\/mL injected just before surgery), and saline control. A single surgeon performed all procedures using standardized piezo-assisted osteotomies. Postoperative edema and ecchymosis were evaluated on postoperative Days 1, 3, and 7 by a blinded assessor using validated photographic grading scales. Statistical analyses were performed using the Kruskal\u2013Wallis and Mann\u2013Whitney U tests with Bonferroni correction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both TXA groups demonstrated significantly reduced edema and ecchymosis compared with the control at all time points (P &amp;lt; .05). The topical TXA group exhibited greater reductions than the injection group on Days 1 and 3, although differences were not statistically significant by Day 7. No adverse events were observed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared with locally injected TXA, topically applied TXA administered immediately after osteotomy achieved greater early reduction in postoperative periorbital edema and ecchymosis. These findings underscore the importance of the administration route in optimizing aesthetic recovery after rhinoplasty.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence: 2 (Therapeutic)<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For image description, please refer to the figure legend and surrounding text.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjaf269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T12:56:14Z","timestamp":1766062574000},"page":"870-874","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Route Matters: Topically Applied vs Locally Injected Tranexamic Acid for the Reduction of Postrhinoplasty Edema and Ecchymosis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7157-0850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omer","family":"Vural","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cem","family":"Ozer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026071512372900900_sjaf269-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjaf172","article-title":"Local tranexamic acid vs placebo in patients undergoing septorhinoplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"45","author":"Di Martino","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"key":"2026071512372900900_sjaf269-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1617444","article-title":"Reducing periorbital edema and 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