{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:46:03Z","timestamp":1792025163436,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>As artificial intelligence (AI) has become widely accessible, physicians and patients increasingly turn to AI for personal and professional uses. Whether or not you use AI in your practice, other physicians use it in ways that affect you and your patients, and so do cybercriminals. It is incumbent upon plastic surgeons and their staff to educate themselves about the potential advantages of AI, as well as potential medical and legal liabilities related to it. This article highlights the ways AI is increasingly employed in plastic surgical practice, discusses potential liabilities plastic surgeons (even those not actively using AI) should be aware of, and proposes risk-reduction strategies to safeguard patients, plastic surgeons, and practices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjag083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T11:27:00Z","timestamp":1776770820000},"page":"1159-1163","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Artificial Intelligence: Medical and Legal Implications and Risk Mitigation Strategies for Plastic Surgeons"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2055-1411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Libby R","family":"Copeland-Halperin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101420030164600_sjag083-B1","author":"Henry"},{"key":"2026101420030164600_sjag083-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjaf239","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in plastic surgery: current status, limitations, and future directions","volume":"46","author":"Copeland-Halperin","year":"2026","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"key":"2026101420030164600_sjag083-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241873","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.241873","article-title":"Ethical and legal considerations in healthcare AI: innovation and policy for safe and fair use","volume":"12","author":"Pham","year":"2025","journal-title":"R Soc Open Sci"},{"key":"2026101420030164600_sjag083-B4","author":"Hutson"},{"key":"2026101420030164600_sjag083-B5","author":"Khullar"},{"key":"2026101420030164600_sjag083-B6","author":"Alder"},{"key":"2026101420030164600_sjag083-B7","author":"Nguyen"},{"key":"2026101420030164600_sjag083-B8","author":"Hansen"},{"key":"2026101420030164600_sjag083-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rocher L, Hendrickx JM, de Montjoye YA. Estimating the success of re-identifications in incomplete datasets using generative models. Nat Commun. 2019;10:3069. doi: 10.1038\/s41467-019-10933-3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10933-3"},{"key":"2026101420030164600_sjag083-B10","first-page":"181","volume-title":"Artificial Intelligence in Health Care: the Hope, the Hype, the Promise, the Peril","author":"McNair","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026101420030164600_sjag083-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e406","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(22)00063-2","article-title":"AI recognition of patient race in medical imaging: a modelling study","volume":"4","author":"Gichoya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health"},{"key":"2026101420030164600_sjag083-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/CAT.25.0040","article-title":"Ambient artificial intelligence scribes: learnings after 1 year and over 2.5 million uses","volume":"6","author":"Tierney","year":"2025","journal-title":"NEJM Catal Innov Care Deliv"},{"key":"2026101420030164600_sjag083-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.13140","article-title":"Virtual scribes and physician time spent on electronic health records","volume":"7","author":"Rotenstein","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2026101420030164600_sjag083-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.60642","article-title":"Ambient listening\u2014legal and ethical issues","volume":"8","author":"Cohen","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2026101420030164600_sjag083-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2698","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14082698","article-title":"The transformative role of artificial intelligence in plastic and reconstructive surgery: challenges and opportunities","volume":"14","author":"Mansoor","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2026101420030164600_sjag083-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/asjof\/ojab052","article-title":"BreastGAN: artificial intelligence-enabled breast augmentation simulation","volume":"4","author":"Chartier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aesthetic Surg J Open Forum"},{"key":"2026101420030164600_sjag083-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4833","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-024-04043-9","article-title":"Turn your vision into reality\u2014AI-powered pre-operative outcome simulation in rhinoplasty surgery","volume":"48","author":"Knoedler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg"},{"key":"2026101420030164600_sjag083-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjz259","article-title":"Making the subjective objective: machine learning and rhinoplasty","volume":"40","author":"Dorfman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"key":"2026101420030164600_sjag083-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjaf161","article-title":"A deep learning-based ensemble model for automated nasolabial-fold severity grading","volume":"46","author":"Cui","year":"2026","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"key":"2026101420030164600_sjag083-B20","author":"Hill"},{"key":"2026101420030164600_sjag083-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"NP31","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjae169","article-title":"Pearls of wisdom: expert insights for communicating with aesthetic patients","volume":"45","author":"Martin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"key":"2026101420030164600_sjag083-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000007497","article-title":"Plastic surgery and the malpractice industry","volume":"147","author":"Boyd","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"2026101420030164600_sjag083-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-02855-5","article-title":"Adapted large language models can outperform medical experts in clinical text summarization","volume":"30","author":"Van Veen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2026101420030164600_sjag083-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjae025","article-title":"Utility and comparative performance of current artificial intelligence large language models as postoperative medical support chatbots in aesthetic surgery","volume":"44","author":"Abi-Rafeh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"key":"2026101420030164600_sjag083-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000010928","article-title":"Automatic detection of perilunate and lunate dislocations on wrist radiographs using deep learning","volume":"153","author":"Pridgen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"2026101420030164600_sjag083-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e157","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000000406","article-title":"The impact of geographic, ethnic, and demographic dynamics on the perception of beauty","volume":"25","author":"Broer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"2026101420030164600_sjag083-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S543045","article-title":"Beyond the algorithm: a perspective on tackling bias and cultural sensitivity in AI-guided aesthetic standards for cosmetic surgery in the Middle East and north Africa (MENA) region","volume":"18","author":"Makhseed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol"},{"key":"2026101420030164600_sjag083-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-023-00378-2","article-title":"How artificial intelligence adopts human biases: the case of cosmetic skincare industry","volume":"5","author":"Georgievskaya","year":"2025","journal-title":"AI Ethics"},{"key":"2026101420030164600_sjag083-B29","first-page":"150","volume-title":"Research Handbook on Health, AI and the Law","author":"Price","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026101420030164600_sjag083-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMhle2308901","article-title":"Understanding liability risk from using health care artificial intelligence tools","volume":"390","author":"Mello","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026101420030164600_sjag083-B31","author":"Littrell A.","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026101420030164600_sjag083-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305756","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1305756","article-title":"Defining medical liability when artificial intelligence is applied on diagnostic algorithms: a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Cestonaro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"2026101420030164600_sjag083-B33","author":"ASPS social media guidelines"},{"key":"2026101420030164600_sjag083-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/ryai.250273","article-title":"Rethinking privacy in medical imaging ai: from metadata and pixel-level identification risks to federated learning and synthetic data challenges","volume":"8","author":"Giouroukou","year":"2026","journal-title":"Radiol Artif Intell"},{"key":"2026101420030164600_sjag083-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10278-025-01656-7","article-title":"Ethical considerations in patient privacy and data handling for AI in cardiovascular imaging and radiology","author":"Mehrtabar","year":"24, 2025","journal-title":"J Imaging Inform Med"},{"key":"2026101420030164600_sjag083-B36","author":"McCartney","year":"9, 2025"},{"key":"2026101420030164600_sjag083-B37","author":"Joint Commission and Coalition for Health AI","year":"17, 2025"},{"key":"2026101420030164600_sjag083-B38","author":"Coalition for Health AI, Inc. (CHAI)"},{"key":"2026101420030164600_sjag083-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjag035","article-title":"Ushering in a new social media era in aesthetic surgery: artificial intelligence\u2013generated transformation videos and their ethical implications","author":"Wiegmann","year":"2026","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"key":"2026101420030164600_sjag083-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1007\/s10207-023-00660-8","article-title":"Cyber insurance: state of the art, trends and future directions","volume":"22","author":"Tsohou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Inf Secur"}],"container-title":["Aesthetic Surgery Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/asj\/article-pdf\/46\/11\/1159\/71944211\/sjag083.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/asj\/article-pdf\/46\/11\/1159\/71944211\/sjag083.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:03:14Z","timestamp":1792022594000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/asj\/article\/46\/11\/1159\/8916389"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/asj\/sjag083","relation":{},"ISSN":["1090-820X","1527-330X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1090-820X","type":"print"},{"value":"1527-330X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]}}}